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Little  Histories 

North  American  Indians 

Na2 


THE  IOWA 


W.  H.  MINER 


LIBRARY 


University  of  California. 


Class 


LITTLE  HISTORIES 
OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS 


Number  Two 


IN  THE  SAME  SERIES 


THE  NAVAJOS 
By  O.  H.  Lipps 

1 2mo  cloth,  $  1 .00  net  Express  age  1 0  cents 

With  a  map,  and  illustrations  in  three  colors 


The  A.  L.  A.  BOOKLIST  describes  it  thus  (November.  1909): 
"A  concise  and  sympathetic  account  in  simple  language  of  the  life,  habits, 
customs,  mythology,  etc.,  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican tribes,  with  a  chapter  on  their  history  since  the  Spanish  conquest. 
The  author  is  a  member  of  the  Indian  service,  has  had  several  years*  ex- 
perience with  the  tribe  and  knows  his  subject.  Appendix  contains  official 
letters  and  affidavits  relating  to  conditions  on  the  reservations  and  the  causes 
of  the  Navajo  war  of  1861.  Illustrated  from  photographs,  but  unfortunately 
unindexed." 

970.1     Navajo  Indians  9-10291/2 


THE  IOWA 


A  reprint  from   The  Indian   Record,   as  originally   published   and   edited 

by  Thomas  Foster,  with  introduction,  and  elucidations 

through  the  text 


By  WILLIAM  HARVEY  MINER 


With  Illustrations  and  a  Map 


CEDAR  RAPIDS.  IOWA 
THE  TORCH  PRESS,   1911 


•.         •  L.        »  • 


Copyright 

1911 

By  The  Torch  Pkkss 

A  ugvst 


DEDICATED  TO 

A  BIBLIOPHILE  IN  THE  BEST  SENSE  ;  TO  A  LOVER  OF 
BOOKS  AND  MEN;  TO  A  STUDENT  OF  ABORIGINAL 
HISTORY  ;  TO  A  HIGH  MINDED  AMERICAN  GENTLEMAN 


JOSEPH  PARKER  CAMP 


223142 


CONTENTS 


Introduction     . 

The  Ioway  Monograph    . 

The  Iowa  Camping  Circle 

Treaties     .... 

Synonymy 

List  of  Iowa  Indians 

Index         .... 


PAGE 

XV 

1 

45 

49 

77 
83 
91 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

A  Group  op  Iowa      ....        Frontispiece 
(From  the  scarce  original  engraving  made 
in  London,  when  these  Indians  were  under 
the  supervision  of  George  Catlin) 

KACIKG    PAGK 

An  Ioway  Grammar 7 

(Reproduced  in  fac-simile  from  a  copy  of 
the  rare  original) 

Waw-non-que-skoon-a 's  Map   ....        24 
(From  the  original,  slightly  reduced,  in 
Schoolcraft's  INDIAN  TRIBES) 

Ma-Has-Kah,  the  younger      ....        42 
(After    the    colored    portrait    in    Vail's 
NOTICE  SUR  LES  INDIENS,  etc.) 


PREFACE 

The  material  forming  the  greater  part  of 
the  present  monograph  is  reprinted  verbatim 
et  literatim  from  certain  portions  of  volume 
1,  Numbers  1, 2,  and  3,  Washington,  Novem- 
ber 30, 1876,  of  Foster's  Indian  Record  and 
Historical  Data.  The  complete  work  so 
far  as  carried  out  consists  only  of  the  three 
parts  here  mentioned,  printed  in  folio  and 
comprising  four  numbered  pages  each.  The 
editor.  Dr.  Thomas  Foster,  who  termed  him- 
self ''Indian  historiographer''  hoped  to  be 
able  to  publish  the  sheet  weekly  ''should 
funds  permit."  Evidently  lack  of  finances 
or  the  small  amount  of  interest  shown  in  the 
venture  determined  against  its  continuance 
as  it  ceased  tvith  the  third  issue. 

During  Foster's  connection  with  the  In- 
dian Bureau  at  Washington,  John  Q.  Smith 
held  the  position  of  Commissioner  of  Indian 
Affairs  and  it  is  not  improbable  looked  tvith 
little  favor  on  the  scheme.  In  any  event  the 
Record  is  a  desideratum^  in  most  collections 
and  as  such,  even  a  portion  of  it  may  not  be 


X  PREFACE 

amiss  in  this  reprint.  Unfortunately  its 
short  existence  did  not  permit  of  finishing 
the  sketches  of  the  Iowa  or  Winnebago, 
though  it  tvould  appear  that  in  the  instance 
of  the  former  hut  little  more  tvould  have  been 
added.  It  is  hoped  however,  that  in  the  fore- 
word the  more  necessary  data  are  given  and 
that  it  is  appropriately  terminated. 

The  actual  worth  of  the  Indian  Record  is 
slight.  Foster's  idea  with  reference  to  sev- 
eral monographs  relating  wholly  or  in  part 
to  certain  tribes  was  a  tvorthy  one  and 
could  be  executed  to  advantage  even  at  this 
date.  The  two  treatises  attempted  in  his 
short-lived  publication  were  on  the  Iowa  and 
their  parent  stock,  the  Winnebago,  although 
several  shorter  tribal  sketches,  as  for  exam- 
ple those  on  the  Attacapa,^  Oroyelles,^  Ara- 
pahoes,^  and  Eries  *  are  included  among  oth- 
er features,  these  being  as  scattered  notes 

1  Attacapa,  a  name  by  which  the  Choc-taws  and  other  south- 
ern Indians  designated  the  different  tribes  occupying  south- 
western Louisiana  and  southern  and  southeastern  Texas.  Less 
than  a  dozen  are  known  to  be  in  existence  today. 

2  Oroyelles,  probably  of  the  Caddoan  family  and  now  extinct. 
8  An  important  tribe  of  the  Algonquian  family  closely  allied 

with  the  other  Plains  Indians,  particularly  with  the  Cheyennes. 

*  A  tribe  of  the  Iroquoian  family  frequenting  during  the 

17th   century   the   territory   extending   south    from  Lake   Erie 

to   the   Ohio   river,    and   now   practically   extinct    unless   their 


PREFACE  xi 

through  the  forty-eight  columns  and  of  more 
or  less  value,  particularly  as  co7icerns  the 
linguistics.^  It  is  evident  from  his  Intro- 
duction that  Foster  must  have  had  many  dif- 
ficulties to  contend  with,  especially  in  the 
matter  of  procuring  suitable  faces  of  type 
for  his  Indian  vocabularies  as  tvell  as  in  the 
matter  of  actual  printing.  At  the  best  the 
work  is  poorly  done.  The  proof-reading  is 
wretched  and  the  statements  of  fact  often  in 
grave  error.  Abject  carelessness  in  the  mat- 
ter of  transcription  appears  without  excuse, 
hence  quoted  portions  through  the  present 
text  have  invariably  been  read  and  compared 
with  the  originals,  obviously  enhancing  the 
value  of  such  a  reissue.  Although  a 
praiseworthy  effort  for  the  period  and  due 
every  consideration  at  this  time,  a  project  of 
the  kind  attempted  today  tvould  fail  inglori- 
ously  unless  handled  tvith  requisite  care. 

In  the  absence  of  any  cognate  facts  refer- 
ring in  detail  to  the  lotva  tribe  it  has  been 
deemed  best  to  reprint  Foster's  sketch  in  its 
entirety  from  the  Record  and  to  add  to  it,  as 

descendants  may  be  called  a  part  of  the  Seneca  living  at  present 
in  the  Indian  Territory. 

5  A  vocabulary  included  among  others  is  from  the  Duralde 
manuscripts  in  the  Library  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society. 


xii  PREFACE 

appendices,  some  features  which  will  he  of 
special  interest  and  value  to  the  student  of 
American  aboriginal  history  and  ethnology. 
In  this  textual  portion  tvill  he  found  much 
from  Schoolcraft's  Indian  Tribes  of  the 
United  States,  also  extracts,  some  of  con- 
siderable length,  from  the  first  volume  of 
the  Minnesota  Historical  Society's  Coij.ec- 
TioNS,  1850-56,  and  NeilVs  History  of  Min- 
nesota. Nevertheless  such  facts  as  are  gar- 
nered from  sources  of  this  character  al- 
though purloined,  are  to  he  welcomed,  and  in 
a  certain  sense  it  may  he  considered  fortun- 
ate that  all  of  the  material  is  not  wholly  orig- 
inal. 

In  the  introductory  sketch  following  this, 
an  attempt  has  heen  made  to  gather  all  mater- 
ial readily  availahle  on  the  Iowa  trihe.  The 
writer  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  without  as- 
sistance from  which  no  authentic  or  in  any 
way  exhaustive  sketch  on  any  subject  con- 
nected with  the  Indian  question  could  he  ac- 
complished. The  many  references  in  the 
form  of  foot-notes  have  been  verified  with 
the  greatest  care.  In  many  instances  the 
meanings  in  the  original  are  ambiguous.  In 
the  present  form  this  fault  is  rectified  and  it 


PREFACE  xiii 

is  hoped  that  the  concise  yet  lucid  account  of 
this  important  branch  of  the  great  Siouan 
family  may  assist  in  giving  it  some  of  that 
prominence  to  which  it  should  rightfully  as- 
pire. A  list  of  some  of  the  more  famous 
warriors  is  included  as  an  appendix,  'and 
though  incomplete  and  taken  in  part  from 
printed  records  it  will  show  that  the  tribe 
numbered  among  its  members  men  who  were 
famous  outside  of  their  oivn  precincts,  and 
these  names  may  inspire  some  future  histor- 
ian to  delve  even  more  deeply  into  those  ar- 
chives that  are  knotvn  to  be  only  memoirs  of 
a  past  existence. 

Students  of  lotva  history  or  of  the  Indians 
of  the  central  west  can  ill  afford  to  over- 
look a  work  on  the  Indian  tribes  by  A,  R. 
Fulton  entitled  The  Red  Men  of  Iowa.  The 
volume  is  now  scarce  but  fortunately  the 
writer  has  been  able  to  use  it  and  is  glad  to 
acknotvledge  its  excellence.  To  Worthing- 
ton  C.  Ford,  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  and  to  W.  H.  Holmes,  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  James  Mooney  and  F.  W. 
Hodge  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnolo- 
gy, he  is  also  indebted  and  wishes  publicly  to 
express  his  thanks  for  their  kindly  interest. 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  IOWA  INDIANS  — AN  HISTORICAL 
SKETCH 

SYNONYMS^ 

PahStet.  Marquette,  (1673)  in  Shea, 
Discovery,  etc.,  p.  268,  map,  1852.  Variants: 
Nadoessi  Mascouteins,  Aiounouea,  Avoys, 
Paote,  Ayoes,  Aiotvais,  Ayouez,  Ainoves, 
lawas. 

Ho-WAH.  Name  given  by  the  Mdewakan- 
ton  (Sioux).  loetvaig,  name  given  by  the 
Santee  Dakota.  lyakhtva,  name  given  by 
the  Teton.  Mdqude,  name  given  by  the  Om- 
aha Ponca.  Pa'-qo-tce,  name  given  by  the 
Kansa.  Pa'qu-te,  name  given  by  the  Qua- 
paw.  Pdqu^se,  name  given  by  the  Osage. 
Pashohan,  name  given  by  the  Pawnee.  Pax- 
odshe,  name  given  by  the  Kansa.  Wa-qotc, 
name  given  by  the  Winnebago. 

Iyuhba.  Riggs,  Dak.  Gram,  d  Diet.  p. 
278,  1852,  trans.  ''Sleepy  Ones."  Nadoues- 
sioux  Maskoutens:  Minn.  Hist.  Coll.,  1864, 

«  For  further  synonomy  see  appendix  C. 


xvi  INTRODUCTION 

(Part  2,  p.  SO,  note),  trans.  ''Sioux  of  the 
Prairies;^'  Algonkin  name,  Pa-ho-cha:  Neh, 
Hist.  Soc,  1885,  (p.  47),  trans.  ''Busty 
Men.''  Pa-ho-dje:  Maximilian,  (p.  507, 1843) 
trans.  "Dust  Noses." 

Iowa.  Pike's  Travels;  Ed.  of  1811  (p.  134). 
Variants:  lowai,  la  ways,  Ihoivay,  lotvay, 
Jowoi,  Jowas,  Joways,  Olioa,  and  PaJioja, 
names  by  tvhieh  they  are  knoivn  among  them- 
selves.   May  he  translated  as  "Gray  Snow." 

Sign.  Draw  the  extended  right  hand 
across  the  throat  from  left  to  right  as  if  sev- 
ering the  head  from  the  body.  Possibly  de- 
rived from  an  old  Siouan  custom  of  decap- 
itating their  prisoners.'^ 

Mallery  refers  to  this  branch  of  the  Siouan 
tribe  as  "Cut  Throats," '  or  a  "Cut  Throat" 
from  a  curious  practice  adopted  by  the  lotva 
after  battle.  Mooney  also  advocates  this 
theory  though  he  suggests  it  applied  only  to 
the  Sioux  and  not  to  the  whole  Siouan  stock 
and  is  doubtful  as  to  the  common  interpre- 
tation of  the  sign  —  a  sweeping  motion  of 
the  hand  in  front  of  the  neck  —  as  the  Kiotva 
and  certain  other  tribes  called  the  lotva  the 

7  Clark.     Indian  Sign  Language.     Philadelphia,  1885. 

8  Mallery.  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Sign  Language 
AMONG  the  North  American  Indians,  etc.  B.  A.  E.,  Intro- 
ductions, No.  3. 


INTRODUCTION  xvii 

*' Necklace  People."  He  also  says  that  this 
tribe  was  a  little  too  far  from  the  plains  to 
have  a  special  sign  and  were  probably 
merged  with  the  Oto^  Missouri,  Sauk  and  oth- 
ers in  the  general  region  of  the  ''shaved 
heads," 

The  Iowa  tribe  of  Indians  forms  one  of 
the  Southwestern  branches  of  the  great  Da- 
kota or  Siouan  stock  and  has  been  included 
both  linguistically  and  ethnographically  by 
careful  students,  with  the  Oto  and  the  Mis- 
souri tribes,  forming  the  so-called  Chiwere 
group. ^  The  real  difference  existing  between 
the  tribes  here  noted  is  one  of  dialect  only. 
Traditional  evidence  proves  conclusively 
that  they  sprung  originally  from  that  stem 
which  appears  to  have  been  the  parent  stock 
of  certain  other  southwestern  Siouan  tribes, 
notably,  the  Winnebago,  and  from  direct  in- 
formation obtained  from  their  people  as  late 
as  1883,  investigators  have  been  told  that  not 
only  the  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  Oto  tribes  were 
from  the  same  source  but  that  the  Ponca  and 
Omaha  could  without  question  be  included, 

9  See  J.  O.  Dorsey  in  The  American  Antiquarian,  1879,  and 
the  same  writer  in  Bui.  Philos.  Soc.,  1880.  The  term  literally 
translated  means  '  *  belonging  to  this  place  "  or  ' '  the  home  peo- 
ple.''    See  aQso  W  J  McGee  in  the  15th  Eep.,  B.  A.  E.,  1897. 


xviii  INTRODUCTION 

having  ^'once  formed  part  of  the  Winne- 
bago Nation. '^^^ 

From  their  primal  home,  to  the  north  of 
the  Great  Lakes,  as  tradition  has  it,  came  the 
forebears  of  these  tribes.  Attracted  by  the 
abundance  of  fish,  the  Winnebago  halted  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  while  the  other 
bands  continued  southwestward,  eventually 
coming  to  the  Mississippi.  At  this  point  an- 
other division  took  place  and  it  was  here  that 
the  Iowa  separated  from  the  larger  group, 
and  it  is  also  at  this  period  that  they  received 
the  name  of  Pahoja  or  Gray  Snow.''    With- 

10  Dorsey. 

11  Considerable  controversy  has  taken  place  as  to  the  actual 
meaning  of  this  word.  Various  suggestions  have  been  made, 
more  generally  by  local  writers,  and  in  the  confusion  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  come  to  a  final  decision.  The  latest  authorities  prefer 
Gray  Snow,  and  the  task  would  be  considerable  to  enumerate 
all  those  who  have  written  on  the  subject.  W.  W.  Hildreth  in 
Annals  of  Iowa,  April,  1864,  gives  the  derivation  from 
the  Omaha  word  Py-ho-ja,  or  ''Grey  Snow.^'  It  has  been 
claimed  that  the  word  is  of  Dakota  origin  and  that  it  was 
written  by  the  French  Aiouez  (see  Charlevoix,  1723)  and  that 
its  anglicization  was  gradual.  The  present  meaning  of  Iowa 
in  the  Dakota  is  ' '  something  to  write  or  paint  with. ' '  School- 
craft is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  tribes  called  them- 
selves Pa-ho-ehes,  meaning  ''Dusty  Nose,"  or  "Dirty  Face," 
and  Foster  in  the  text  emphasizes  this  point.  One  writer 
boldly  asserts  that  the  word  Iowa  is  a  corruption  from 
Kiowa,  and  Antoine  Le  Claire,  the  celebrated  half-breed  inter- 
preter, stated  that  the  word  in  his  tongue  signified  ' '  this  is  the 


INTRODUCTION  xix 

out  stopping  for  any  length  of  time  after 
separating  from  their  comrades,  the  Iowa 
continued  down  the  general  course  of  the 
Mississippi  until  Rock  River  (in  Illinois) 
was  reached.  At  this  point  as  in  most  of  the 
early  history  of  the  tribe  we  must  depend 
largely  on  hearsay.  Certain  traditions  how- 
ever, place  them  farther  north.  Waw-non- 
que-skoona-a's  map,  drawn  in  1848,  shows 
their  movements  quite  clearly  until  that  date. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  reiterate  statements 
here  that  appear  textually  in  connection  with 
the  cartographical  features,  especially  as 
these  successive  movements  are  of  compara- 
tivly  recent  date  and  considered  to  be  sub- 
stantially correct.  There  is  a  tradition  still 
popular  among  the  Sioux  that  when  their  an- 
cestors first  came  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony 
the  Iowa  tribe  occupied  the  country  adja- 
cent to  the  Minnesota  river  and  that  the 

place.''  Taylor  Pierce,  long  connected  with  the  trading  post 
of  Fort  Des  Moines,  testified  in  favor  of  Kiowa,  giving  it  the 
same  definition  as  last  named.  Fulton  (Red  Men  of  Iowa) 
mentions  certain  writers  who  interpreted  the  word  as  ''beauti- 
ful." W.  E.  Richey  (Memoirs  of  the  Exploration  of  the 
Basin  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Volume  VII,  1903)  says, 
"I  feel  inclined  to  think  that  the  word  Iowa  came  from 
Harahey.  .  ."  For  a  full  discussion  of  this  subject  see 
Annals  of  Iowa,  April,  1864,  and  July,  1896. 


XX  INTRODUCTION 

Cheyenne '"   occupied  territory  fartlier  up 
the  same  stream/^ 

On  the  arrival  of  Le  Sueur  in  1701  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  his  fort  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Blue  Earth  river,  many  of  the  tribe 
were  found  and  messengers  were  sent  to  in- 
vite tliem  to  settle  in  the  vicinity  of  the  stock- 
ade, because  of  their  excellence  in  farming 
and  general  husbandry.  Those  despatched 
for  this  purpose  found  however,  that  the  In- 
dians had  recently  moved  westward  toward 
the  Missouri  river  and  wished  to  be  closer  to 
the  Omaha  who  then  dwelt  in  that  region. 
The  tribes  with  whom  Le  Sueur  came  in  con- 
tact informed  him  that  the  river  upon  which 

12  See  Mooney,  The  Cheyenne  Indians,  Mem.  of  the  Amer. 
Anthro.  Assoc.  No.  1,  1907.  His  map  as  given  there  is  es- 
pecially useful. 

13  See  Williamson,  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  I,  (re- 
print 1902),  page  242.  According  to  this  authority  the  Iowa 
were  known  as  Ayuhba,  which  form  is  also  used  by  Riggs, 
Dakota  Grammar  and  Dictionary,  1852.  In  Memoirs  of  Ex- 
plorations IN  the  Basin  of  the  Mississippi,  Vol.  Ill,  1900, 
is  included  an  excellent  historical  chart  by  N.  H.  Winchell  show- 
ing geographical  names  and  other  data  prior  to  Nicollet's  Map 
of  1841.  This  shows  the  location  of  the  Iowa  tribe  in  that 
section  between  the  present  southern  boundary  of  Iowa  and 
lower  Minnesota  on  the  east,  and  along  the  southern  bank  of 
the  Missouri  river  to  the  westward.  Catlin's  Map  of  1833 
places  this  tribe  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State  of 
Iowa. 


INTRODUCTION  xxi 

he  was  about  to  settle  belonged  to  the  Sioux 
of  the  West  (Dakota),  the  Ayavois  (Iowa), 
and  the  Otoctatas  (Oto),  who  lived  nearby. 
Probably  the  first  among  the  whites  to  come 
in  actual  contact  with  the  Iowa,  was  Pere 
Andre'*  who  referred  to  them  in  1676,  at 
which  time  they  were  situated  about  200 
miles  west  of  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin.  The 
next  reference  made  by  a  European  seems 
to  be  that  of  Father  Zenobius  Membre  '^  in 
1680,  who  mentions  the  Authontontas  (Oto), 
Nadouessious  Maskoutens  (lowa)'^  ^' about 
130  leagues  from  the  Illinois  river  in  three 
great  villages  built  near  a  river  which  emp- 
ties into  the  Colbert  (Mississippi)  on  the 
west  side  above  the  Illinois,  almost  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin. "  He  also  seems 
to  locate  a  portion  of  the  Aiuoves  (probably 
Aioues)  to  the  west  of  the  Milwaukee  river. 
On  Marquette's  manuscript  map  which  ac- 
companied his  Journal,  1673,''  the  Pahoutet 

14  See  note  60. 

15  For  an  extended  account  of  the  Kecollet  Father  Zenobe 
Membre,  see  Le  Clercq's  First  Establishment  of  the  Faith 
IN  New  France,  Shea's  translation,  II,  133;  1881. 

16  See  Eichman  (I.  B.).  Among  the  Quakers,  and  Other 
Sketches,  3rd  ed.  Contains  Mascoutin,  A  Eeminiscence  of  the 
Nation  of  Fire. 

17  Original  in  St.  Mary's  College  Archives,  Montreal  and 
reproduced  in  The  Jesuit  Eelations,  published  by  The  Bur- 


xxii  INTRODUCTION 

(Iowa)  are  placed  on  or  near  the  Missouri 
river,  in  close  company  with  the  Maha,  (Om- 
aha) and  Ontontana  (Oto).  This  is  no  doubt 
conjecture  on  the  part  of  the  cartographer. 
The  Sieuer  de  la  Salle  knew  of  both  Oto  and 
Iowa,  and  in  his  Hennepin  letter  of  August 
22,  1682,  he  refers  to  them  as  Otoutanta  and 
Atounauea  respectively.  He  further  states 
that  one  of  his  company ''  was  familiar  with 
the  languages  of  both  these  tribes,  which, 
however,  is  doubtful. 

When  Le  Sueur  first  supplied  these  In- 
dians with  fire-arms  in  1700  they  were  sit- 
uated at  the  extreme  headquarters  of  the  Des 
Moines  river,  though  from  the  translation  of 
this  explorer's  narrative,  as  contained  in 
Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  XVI,  it  would  seem 
that  this  band  and  the  Oto  removed  and  *^  es- 
tablished themselves  toward  the  Missouri 
river,  near  the  Maha."  In  Jefferys'  French 
Dominions  in  North  and  South  America, 
1760,  the  Iowa  are  located  on  the  Mississippi 
in  latitude  43°  30'.  His  map  however  places 
them  on  the  east  side  of  the  Missouri,  west 
of  the  sources  of  the  Des  Moines  river  and 

rows  Brothers  Co.     See  also  Joliet's  Map  of  1674    (ihid  vol. 
LIX.)  where  relative  positions  are  practically  the  same. 
18  ^lichel  Accault,  a  companion  of  La  Salle. 


INTRODUCTION  xxiii 

above  the  Oto,  who  were  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Missouri  and  below  the  Omaha/^  Ac- 
cording to  Lewis  &  Clark's  Travels,  etc., 
(Cones'  edition,  1893),  their  villages  consist- 
ed ^  *  of  300  men  ...  on  the  river  De  Moines. '  "^ 
The  map  by  Waw-non-que-skoona-a  as  in- 
cluded in  Schoolcraft  and  reproduced  here- 

19  See  Prof.  N.  H.  Winchell's  admirable  map  contained  in 
Volume  III,  Memoirs  of  Explorations  in  the  Basin  of  the 
Mississippi,  St.  Paul,  1900.  This  chart  shows  with  great  pre- 
cision the  geographical  names  and  their  dates,  given  prior  to 
Nicollet's  map  of  1841,  and  locates  the  Iowa  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Mississippi,  near  the  ''Kiviere  de  Aiounoues"  according 
to  Franquelin's  map  of  1684,  and  also  in  a  space  bounded  on 
the  north  and  east  by  the  St.  Peter's  river  (Minisoute  Ouadeba 
or  St.  Peters  river  of  Jefferys,  1762)  and  on  the  south  and 
west  by  the  Riviere  aux  Liards  and  Redwood  river  respectively, 
of  Long.  Franquelin's  map,  Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  a  facsimile 
of  which  is  in  the  Library  of  Harvard  University,  (the  original 
formerly  in  the  Archives  of  the  Marine,  in  Paris,  has  been 
lost),  locates  the  Ai8u8e  and  the  Paote  on  the  Riviere  des 
Ai8u8e   (Iowa). 

20  In  Thwaites'  edition  of  Lewis  &  Clark  (Original  Jour- 
nals, VI,  91-92,  1905)  the  number  is  given  as  '*200  warriors 
or  400  souls,  eighteen  leagues  up  Platte  river  on  the  S.  E.  side, 
although  they  formerly  lived  on  the  Missouri  above  the  Platte. ' ' 
When  the  traders  first  knew  the  Iowa  the  band  consisted  of 
about  800  souls.  Their  principal  points  of  commerce  were 
Robidoux's  Post  at  Black  Hills,  the  present  site  of  St.  Joseph, 
Missouri,  and  at  Council  Bluffs,  though  not  as  extensively  at  the 
latter.  See  Chittenden,  The  American  Ftjr  Trade,  p.  874, 
and  also  The  Henry  and  Thompson  Journals,  Coues  ed.,  for 
an  account  of  Robidoux's  dealings.  Maximilian's  Travels,  Vol. 
1,  p.  257  note,  has  a  valuable  reference. 


xxiv  INTRODUCTION 

with,  gives  the  final  stopping  place  of  the 
Iowa  at  a  point  near  the  junction  of  the  Wolf 
and  Missouri  rivers,  within  the  limits  of  the 
present  State  of  Nebraska.  Some  authori- 
ties give  their  final  location  as  being  in  two 
villages,  one  on  the  Platte  ^'  and  another  on 
the  Great  Nemaha  river,  from  which  places 
they  conducted  traffic  with  the  traders  from 
St.  Louis,  dealing  principally  in  beaver,  ot- 
ter, racoon,  deer,  and  bear  skins.  They  also 
appear  to  have  been  cultivators  of  the  soil 
to  some  extent,  even  at  this  early  date,  and  it 
is  recorded  that  Le  Sueur  made  efforts  to 
have  them  locate  near  his  Fort  rHuillier^^ 
as  they  were  ^industrious  and  accustomed  to 
cultivate  the  earth."  In  addition  to  corn 
they  grew  beans  '^  and  Pike  says  ^'they  culti- 
vated corn  but  not  proportionately  as  much 
as  did  the  Sauks  and  Foxes. "     This  traveler 

21  Probably  what  was  then  known  as  the  Big  Platte  in  Ne- 
braska. 

.  22  See  F.  J.  Goodf ellow,  S.  D.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  2,  also  the 
original  translation  of  a  portion  of  Le  Sueur's  Voyage  in  Wis. 
Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  XVI.  The  Fort  took  its  name  from  L  'Huillier, 
one  of  the  French  farmer  generals  and  Le  Sueur's  patron.  In 
September,  1700,  Le  Sueur  reached  the  present  site  of  Mankato, 
Minn.,  and  built  the  Fort,  which  according  to  most  authorities 
was  completed  Oct.  14  of  that  year.  The  post  was  abandoned 
in  1703. 

23EEP.  OF  Sec.  of  War,  1829. 


INTRODUCTION  xxv 

also  states  that  they  were  less  civilized  than 
the  latter/*  At  a  much  earlier  date  Father 
Andre  ^^  writes  that,  while  their  village  was  a 
large  one  they  were  poor  as  a  tribe,  their 
greatest  wealth  being  in  *' ox-hides  '^  and  red 
calumets,"'^  indicating  thereby  that  the  Iowa 
early  traded  in  and  manufactured  catlinite 
pipes.  In  many  customs  prevailing  among 
the  Iowa  it  has  been  found  that  they  differed 
but  little  from  cognate  tribes.  In  their  visit- 
ing, marriage  relations,  and  management  of 
children  they  were  not  unlike  the  Omaha 
and  others  closely  allied  among  the  Dakota. 
In  the  matter  of  fraternity  they  were  dis- 
tinct.    The~^  camp  circle  ^^  was  divided  into 

24 Pike's  Expedition,  etc.,  etc.,  edited  by  Elliott  Coues, 
1895. 

25  Jesuit  Relations,  Vol.  LX,  also  note  60. 

26  Buffalo  hides.  The  earlier  explorers  referred  to  the  buf- 
falo (Bison  americanus)  under  various  cognomens.  Boeuf 
sauvage,  was  the  name  given  to  it  by  Du  Pratz;  the  Canadian 
voyageurs  termed  it  simply  le  hoeuf.  See  Allen,  History  of  the 
American  Bison,  1877. 

27  Red  Pipestone,  a  fine  grained  argillaceous  sediment,  the 
analysis  of  which  is  as  follows:  Silica,  48; 20,  alumina,  28:20, 
ferric  oxide,  5,  carbonate  of  lime,  2:60,  manganous  oxide,  0:60, 
magnesia,  6,  water  8:40,  loss  1.  First  brought  to  the  attention 
of  mineralogists  by  George  Catlin  and  named  in  his  honor 
* '  catlinite. ' ' 

28  The  important  feature  of  camping  was  left  to  the  women, 
according  to  the  Indian  custom.  Occasion  often  controlled  cir- 
cumstances as  to  the  form  of  this  particular  ceremony.     Hunt- 


xxvi  INTRODUCTION 

half  circles  and  occupied  by  two  phratries  of 
four  gentes  each.^^ 

The  first  regulated  the  hunt  and  other 
affairs  pertaining  to  the  tribe  during  the  au- 
tumn and  winter.  Throughout  the  other 
parts  of  the  year  the  lead  was  taken  by  the 
other  phratry.'^    In  a  general  way  however, 

ing,  visiting,  or  war  parties  were  usually  carefully  organized. 
The  tribal  circle,  each  segment  composed  of  a  clan,  gens  or 
band,  made  a  living  picture  of  tribal  organization  and  respon- 
sibilities. The  usual  opening  through  the  circle  was  toward 
the  east,  which  calls  to  mind  religious  rites  and  obligations  of 
an  earlier  people,  being  further  exemplified  in  the  position 
which  was  usually  given  to  the  ceremonial  tents.  See  A.  C. 
Fletcher  in  Pwfe.  of  the  Fedbody  Museum. 

29  The  clan  or  gens  among  the  American  Indians  is  an  in- 
tertribal, exogamic  group  of  persons  actually  or  theoretically 
consanguine.  See  J.  N.  B.  Hewitt  in  Bul.  30,  B.  A.  E.,  and 
J.  W.  Powell  in  the  17th  Kep.,  B.  A.  E.,  Part  I,  1898,  page  29 
passim.  Throughout  all  of  the  American  tribes  of  savagery  it 
has  been  found  that  peculiar  groups  of  persons  are  organized  and 
known  as  shamanistic  societies  or  phratries,  viz :  banded  religious 
bodies.  The  term  however  must  be  extended  that  it  may  include 
the  ceremonies  which  the  savage  believed  to  be  religious.  Peace 
and  warfare,  health  and  disease,  welfare  and  want,  pleasure  and 
pain,  all,  whether  good  or  evil,  are  believed  to  be  under  control  of 
such  societies  as  noted.  The  gens  is  to  be  found  in  Greek  and 
Koman  history,  where  it  is  known  as  the  agnatic  kindred.  The 
tribe  remains  a  body  of  consanguineal  kindred:  it  is  composed  of 
groups  of  gentes  that  are  incest  groups,  and  the  mates  in  mar- 
riage must  belong  to  different  gentes.     See  appendix  A. 

30  For  an  account  of  the  mythical  origin  of  each  of  the 
Iowa  gens,  see  J.  O.  Dorsey,  Social  Organization  of  the 
SiouAN  Tribe  in  the  Journal  of  American  Folklore,  Vol.  IV, 


INTRODUCTION  xxvii 

the  Iowa  social  institution  differs  but  slight- 
ly from  others  of  the  Siouan  stock,  nor  do 
their  visiting  or  marriage  customs  vary 
greatly  from  those  of  kindred  tribes.  Chil- 
dren are  managed  similarly  to  those  of  the 
Dakota  or  Omaha.  Formerly  murder  was 
punished  with  death  by  the  nearest  of  kin 
or  by  some  friend  of  the  murdered  person.^^ 
Occasionally  however,  presents  were  made  to 
the  avengers  by  the  murderer,  in  consequence 
of  which  the  crime  was  palliated. 

Like  many  other  Mississippi  Valley  tribes 
the  Iowa  are  not  to  any  great  extent  associat- 
ed with  the  tumuli  of  America.  With  the 
exception  of  some  few  mounds  in  Wapello 
County,  Iowa,  at  a  point  near  lowaville,  the 
site  of  an  early  trading  post,  there  is  little 
evidence  that  the  Iowa  were  in  any  way  con- 
nected with  the  mounds  in  that  State.  Along 
the  valley  located  in  this  section,  were  many 
spots  frequented  by  both  the  Sauk  and  Fox  as 
well  as  Iowa  and  here  also  were  situated  the 

1891,  No.  XV,  page  338.  This  was  recorded  by  Kev.  William 
Hamilton  in  1848  and  was  published  from  a  letter  by  him  to  the 
children  of  the  Presbyterian  Sunday  schools.  Dorsey  also  ob- 
tained from  the  Iowa,  during  a  visit  to  that  tribe  in  1880,  a 
list  of  the  gentes  and  later  perfected  this  with  a  list  of  the 
subgentes.  This  list  is  included  herewith  as  an  appendix  from 
the  15th  Rep.,  B.  A.  E.,  1897. 
31  Dorsey.    Siouan  Sociology. 


xxviii  INTRODUCTION 

famous  race  tracks  of  nearly  a  mile  in  length, 
belonging  to  the  latter  tribe.^'  The  various 
games  indulged  in  by  the  Iowa  differed  but 
slightly  from  those  in  vogiie  among  kindred 
or  allied  tribes.^'  As  is  almost  universal, 
dice  games,  or  games  of  chance  are  more  gen- 
erally to  be  desired,  while  games  of  dexterity 
take  second  place.     Catlin  ^*  describes  under 

32  See  Cyrus  Thomas.  Mound  Explorations,  12th  Eep., 
B.  A.  E.,  1894,  page  111.  A  plan  of  the  section  noted  above 
is  given  in  this  report,  which  is  the  most  complete  on  mound 
exploration  ever  attempted.     It  may  well  be  termed  definitive. 

33  The  study  of  games  as  played  among  North  American 
Indians,  is  a  field  in  itself.  This  has  been  covered  most  ex- 
haustively by  Mr.  Stewart  Culin  in  his  recent  work,  Games  of 
THE  North  American  Indians:  (24th  Kep.,  B.  A.  E.,  1907), 
and  to  this  volume  we  refer  any  student  who  wishes  to  make 
detailed  researches.  In  addition  to  this  work,  Catlin 's  great 
contribution  to  the  history  of  the  North  American  tribes  is  in 
itself  a  mine  of  general  information,  though  his  little  volume 
entitled  The  Fourteen  low  ay  Indians,  published  in  London 
in  1844,  treats  of  the  games  of  the  Iowa  more  particularly. 
Where  possible  the  earlier  edition  of  that  writer's  Letters  and 
Notes  should  be  used  rather  than  the  later  issues  with  the 
colored  plates,  such  method  of  illustration  having  been  con- 
demned by  Catlin  from  the  beginning.  Indian  Games  an  His- 
torical Kesearch  by  Andrew  McFarland  Davis,  is  a  valuable 
monograph.     All  of  the  above  refer  in  extenso  to  the  Iowa. 

34  The  Fourteen  Ioway  Indians.  London,  1844.  This 
little  pamphlet  is  now  scarce,  and  was  written  by  Catlin  at  the 
instance  of  the  parties  w^ho  brought  the  Indians  to  London. 
He  was  particularly  interested  from  an  humanitarian  point  of 
view.  An  edition  was  issued  in  Paris,  a  year  later,  with  wood- 
cuts by  Porret,  adding  interest  to  the  work. 


INTRODUCTION  xxix 

the  former  class,  one  called  Kon-tho-gra,  or 
the  game  of  platter  which  is  played  almost 
exclusively  by  women.^'  It  is  said  to  have 
been  exceedingly  fascinating  and  consists  of 
little  blocks  of  wood  marked  with  certain 
points  for  counting,  to  be  decided  by  throws, 
the  lot  being  shaken  in  a  bowl  and  thrown 
out  on  a  sort  of  a  pillow.  Bets  were  made 
after  the  bowl  was  turned  and  decided  by  the 
number  of  points  and  colors.  Another  game 
described  by  Catlin  ^^  is  called  Ing-Kee-Ko- 
Kee,  or,  The  Game  of  the  Moccasin.  It  was 
played  to  a  song  accompaniment  ^^  among  the 
Iowa  by  two,  four  or  six  people  seated  on  the 
ground  in  a  circle.  In  the  center  are  three 
or  four  moccasins,  under  one  of  which  the 
players  in  turn  try  to  conceal  some  small  arti- 
cle, as  a  stone  or  a  nut.  The  opponents 
choose  what  appears  to  be  the  lucky  covering 
and  if  successful,  win  the  stakes.     The  game, 

35  The  Fourteen  low  ay  Indians. 

36  lUd, 

37  A  translation  of  the  song  for  this  occasion  is  as  follows : 

*'Take  care  of  yourself  —  shoot  well,  or  you  lose, 
You  warned  me,  but,  see !     I  have  defeated  you ! 
I  am  one  of  the  Great  Spirit's  children! 
Wa-konda  I  am!     I  am  Wa-konda!  " 
See  Alice  C.  Fletcher's  paper.  Tribal  Structure,  as  included 
in  The  Putnam  Anniversary  Volume,  Cedar  Kapids,  1909,  for 
a  further  exposition  of  the  word  Wa-Kori'-da. 


XXX  INTRODUCTION 

according  to  this  writer,  appeared  simple  and 
almost  foolish,  yet  he  professes  to  have  seen 
it  played  for  hours  without  intermission  in 
perfect  musical  rhythm,  and  states  that  it 
*^forms  one  of  the  principle  gambling  games 
of  these  gambling  people."  Among  the 
Omaha,  Ponca,  Oto,  and  Iowa  the  game  of 
Arrow  (Ma^muqpe),  was  most  common. 
This  however  was  more  of  a  religious  game 
and  now  practically  obsolete  since  the  intro- 
duction of  fire  arms.  Arrows  were  shot  up 
into  trees  until  they  lodged  in  the  branches. 
The  players  then  tried  to  dislodge  them  and 
whoever  brought  down  the  first,  won.  There 
were  no  sides  or  opposing  parties.  Prob- 
ably the  most  exciting  and  to  many  the  most 
important  game  among  many  of  the  tribes, 
aside  from  those  of  the  Mountain  Indians,  is 
that  of  Ball-playing  or  Racket.  This  is  dis- 
tinctly a  man's  game  as  opposed  to  double- 
ball  and  some  other  forms  commonly  played 
by  women.  There  are  instances  however  of 
this  having  been  played  by  women,  and 
among  the  Santee  Sioux  it  is  at  times  played 
by  both  sexes  together.  This  game  has  been 
divided  into  two  principal  classes,  those  of 
the  single  and  those  of  the  double  racket  or 
bat ;  the  latter  is  more  especially  peculiar  to 


INTRODUCTION  xxxi 

the  southern  tribes.^^  The  racket  may  be 
likewise  termed  a  throwing  stick  as  it  is  used 
to  pick  up  and  throw  the  ball  rather  than  for 
the  purpose  of  hitting.  The  ball  is  either  of 
wood  or  of  buckskin  stuffed  with  hair,^^  and 
the  usual  size  is  about  two  and  one-half  in- 
ches in  diameter.  Various  kinds  of  rackets 
are  used  by  the  players,  some  preferring  long 
and  some  short  handles.  Among  the  Oto  of 
Oklahoma,  one  measured  was  forty  inches  in 
length.*''  Catlin  *'  gives  an  excellent  descrip- 
tion of  this  game  among  the  Iowa  Indians. 
His  details  concerning  the  goals  and  byes  and 
various  points  connected  with  the  different 
features,  make  this  sketch  one  of  the  most 
complete  we  have.*^ 

As  among  all  tribes  east  and  west,  north 
and  south,  the  Iowa  were  given  to  their  nu- 

38  Culin.     Games  of  the  North  American  Indians. 

39  In  a  game  witnessed  by  the  writer,  on  the  Sauk  and  Fox 
Reservation  at  Tama,  Iowa,  in  1907,  the  ball  used  was  wood. 
This  tribe  is  slow  to  acquire  new  ideas,  nor  has  it  advanced 
greatly  during  the  last  fifty  years.  The  game  was  one  of  in- 
tense excitement  and  is  still  played  along  the  same  lines  as  in 
the  earlier  days  of  this  once  powerful  band. 

40  Field  Columbian  Museum  Catalog,  No.  71404. 

41  The  Fourteen  low  ay  Indians. 

42  The  oldest  attempt  at  a  detailed  description  of  the  game 
is  given  by  Nicolas  Perrot,  Memoire  sur  les  Moeurs,  Cos- 
tumes et  Religion  des  Sauvages  de  l  'Amerique  Septentrion- 
ale.     First  printed  in  Paris  in  1864. 


xxxii  INTRODUCTION 

merous  dances,  many  of  which  were  of  the 
highest  importance.  Mention  is  made  here, 
only  of  several  of  the  more  common  or  neces- 
sary dances,  inasmuch  as  the  subject  is  one 
if  it  were  treated  fully  would  occupy  a  vol- 
woae  in  itself. 

This  is  a  peculiar  dance  given  in  honor  of 
one  or  more  strangers 
The  Welcome  Dance  whom  the  tribe  may  de- 
cide to  welcome  to  their 
village.  The  musicians  as  well  as  spectators, 
out  of  respect,  all  rise  to  their  feet  while  it 
is  being  performed.  The  song  which  accom- 
panies it  is  at  first  one  of  lament,  but  ends  in 
a  gay  and  lively  manner. 

The  most  exciting  as  well  as  the  longest 

and  most  tiresome  of  all 
The  War  Dance    dances.     It  is  usually  divided 

into  three  parts,  i,  (?.,  Eh-Ros- 
Ka  —  The  Warriors  Dance  —  usually  given 
after  a  party  had  returned  from  war  as  a 
boast  and  was  ofttimes  given  as  an  amuse- 
ment. The  song  used  at  this  time  entitled 
Wa-Sissica  —  The  War  Song  —  appeared  to 
be  addressed  to  the  body  of  an  enemxy,  from 
the  name  Eh-Ros-Ka,  meaning  tribe,  war 
party  or  body.*^ 

43  See  Catlin.     The  Fourteen  low  ay  Indians,  page  19,  for  a 
translation  in  full  of  this  song. 


INTRODUCTION  xxxiii 

The  most  spirited  part  of  this  greatest  of 
all  dances  was  called  the 
Approaching  Dance  in  which  the  dancers  by 
their  gestures  exhibited 
the  methods  of  advancing  on  an  enemy.  The 
song  in  this  portion  is  also  similar  to  that 
above  mentioned/* 

Ha  Kon-E-Crase,  or  as  more  familiarly 
known  "the  soaring  eagle," 
The  Eagle  Dance  forms  the  third  and  most 
pleasing  part  of  the  War 
Dance  and  is  in  every  respect  a  most  inter- 
esting spectacle.  Each  dancer  imagines  him- 
self a  bird  on  the  wing,  and  as  they  dance 
forward  from  behind  the  musicians,  they 
take  the  position  of  an  eagle  headed  against 
the  wind  and  about  to  swoop  down  upon  some 
unsuspecting  prey.  They  have  a  peculiar 
method  of  singing  and  whistling  at  the  same 
time.*^ 

The  Calumet  Dance,  the  Ball-Play  Dance, 
the  Scalp  Dance,  the  Buffalo  Dance,  and  the 
Bear  Dance,  are  all  important  but  vary  very 
slightly  from  those  of  similar  import  among 
other  tribes  of  the  same  family.  What  we 
have  said  about  the  dances  applies  with  equal 

44  The  Fourteen  Ioway  Indians,  page  20. 

45  Ibid.,  page  21.  In  the  French  translation  of  this  pamph- 
let these  chansons  are  particularly  well  rendered. 


xxxiv  INTRODUCTION 

force  to  the  songs  and  music.  The  War  Song, 
Death  Song,  Wolf  Song,  Medicine  Song, 
Bread  Song,  and  Farewell  Song  are  all  of 
much  significance,  indeed  so  much  so  that  a 
large  amount  of  space  could  well  be  devoted 
to  this  subject  as  well  as  to  the  dances. 

In  1836  the  Iowa  were  assigned  a  reserva- 
tion in  northeastern  Kansas,  having  two 
years  previous,  ceded  all  their  lands  in  Mis- 
souri. A  portion  of  the  tribe  later  moved  to 
another  tract  in  Oklahoma  allotted  to  them 
in  1890  in  severalty,  the  surplus  acreage  be- 
ing opened  to  settlement  by  the  whites. 

It  is  difficult  to  compile  a  bibliography  that 
will  treat  exhaustively  of  this  tribe.  Cat- 
lings Works,  Lewis  and  Clark's  Travels, 
Long's  Expedition,  Pike's  Explorations, 
Maximilian's  Travels,  and  in  fact  nearly  all 
of  the  prominent  trans-continental  explorers 
knew  the  tribe  under  one  or  another  name. 
In  the  absence  of  any  well  defined  plan  it  is 
best  to  refer  to  the  various  titles  as  shown  in 
the  index  to  the  present  volume.  Such  titles 
are  printed  in  small  capitals  throughout. 
Special  stress  must  be  laid  on  the  value  of 
Dr.  Hay  den's  important  work,  Contribu-. 
TiONS  TO  the  Ethnography  and  Philology 


INTRODUCTION  xxxv 

OF  THE  Indian  Tribes  of  the  Missouri  Val- 
ley. Phila.,  1862.  The  map  is  particularly 
useful.  The  Burrows  Brothers  monumental 
reprint  of  the  Jesuit  Relations  (73  vols,  oc- 
tavo) is  of  course  invaluable. 

William  Harvey  Miner 
March  5,  1911 


THE  low  AY  MONOGRAPH 

''lOWAY"  TRIBE:  (Aiyuw^,  or  Pahu'tchae) 

This  is  the  cognomen  of  a  sm^ll  tribe  of 
Indians,  never  very  numerous/*^  known  to  the 
whites  for  the  last  one  hundred  and  eighty 
years,^^  during  which  period  they  have  been 
wanderers  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Mis- 
souri, and  from  the  Missouri  to  the  Missis- 
sippi :  their  migrations  being  confined  main- 

46  A  contrary  statement  is  made  by  Messrs.  Irvin  and  Ham- 
ilton in  Schoolcraft 's  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  Ill, 
page  260,  (1853),  wherein  the  Iowa  are  mentioned  as  being 
"but  a  remnant  of  a  once  numerous  and  considerable  nation." 
Estimates  as  follows  given  as  a  total  —  in  1764  (Bouquet) 
1100;  1804  (Lewis  &  Clark)  800;  1822  (Morse)  1000;  1829 
(Sec.  of  War)  1000;  1832  (Drake)  1100;  1843  (Report  Indian 
Affairs)  470;  and  the  Donaldson  Report  (11th  Census,  taken 
from  Jackson  catalog  of  photographs,  etc.,  Washington,  1877) 
1894,  states  that  their  number  reached  1500  early  in  the  19th 
century.  Catlin  conjectures  1400  in  1832  and  992  in  1836. 
The  total  remnant  of  the  tribe  in  1905  was  314;  in  1908,  339, 
these  figures  being  from  oflS«ial  sources. 

47  Writing  in  1876,  the  author  seems  unfamiliar  with  Pere 
Andre's  reference  to  the  tribe  in  1676,  and  quotes  from  Le 
Sueur  who  knew  this  band  first  in  1700. 


\2^  t.^  ^   .>    .    c-     Y^E  lOWAY 

ly  to  the  limits  of  the  present  State  of  Iowa, 
which  was  therefore  very  properly  named 
after  them."*^  They  are  now  located  within 
a  Reservation  of  land  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Missouri,  between  the  Great  Nemahaw 
and  Wolf  Creeks,  in  the  State  of  Nebraska, 
on  the  borders  of  Kansas  and  lowa.*^ 

NOMENCLATURE 

The  name  by  which  we  know  them  —  that 
of  low  AY  —  (or  Iowa,  which  is  the  form  the 
word  takes  when  applied  to  the  State)  —  is 
not  that  for  themselves,  nor  is  it  a  name 
which  belongs  to  the  language  of  any  one 
Indian  tribe ;  but  seems  to  have  been  made 
up,  or  compounded,  by  the  early  French, 
from  the  Dakota-Sioux  designation  for  them 
of  Ayu'h'apa,  by  taking  the  first  two  sylla- 
bles, Ayu',  and  adding  to  it  one  of  the  com- 
mon Algonquin-French  terminations  to  tribal 

48  The  present  spelling  of  the  name  was  first  used  by  Lieut. 
Albert  M.  Lea  in  his  Notes  on  the  Wisconsin  Territory, 
1836,  wherein  he  referred  to  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi 
as  the  ''loway  District",  suggested  by  the  loway  river.  This 
point  will  be  brought  out  fully  in  the  new  edition  of  Lea's 
Notes  now  in  preparation  by  the  loway  Club,  edited  by  L.  A. 
Brewer. 

49  The  tribe  has  long  since  been  divided  and  now  occupies 
lands  in  the  Potawatomi  and  Great  Nemaha  Agency  in  Kansas 
and  the  Sauk  and  Fox  Agency  in  Oklahoma.  See  Kappler. 
Laws  and  Treaties,  2  vols.,  Washington,  1903. 


THE  lOWAY  3 

names  in  ois,  vois,  or  vais  or  ouez:  all  of 
which  terminations  appear  on  the  early  rec- 
ords compounded  with  Ayu,  or  a  modifica- 
tion of  it,  to  indicate  the  loway  Tribe.  In 
La  Harpe's  ^^  narrative  of  Le  Sueur's  "'  min- 
ing expedition,  in  1700,  to  the  Blue  Earth 
region,  in  now  Minnesota,  where  the  loways 
are  first  of  record  referred  to,  they  are  writ- 
ten of  as  ^' Aya-vois''  ;  in  Pennecaud's  ''  rela- 
te Benard  de  la  Harpe,  a  French  officer  who  came  to  Louisiana 
in  1718.  His  Narrative  of  Le  Sueur's  Expedition  is  included 
by  French  in  his  Hist.  Coll.  of  Louisiana,  Part  III,  page  19  et 
seq.,  and  is  also  given  by  Shea,  Early  Voyages  Up  and  Down 
THE  Mississippi,  Albany,  1861,  reprint,  1908.  For  a  lengthy 
bibliographical  note  of  this  work,  see  A.  McF.  Davis  in  Win- 
sor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  Vol.  V,  page  63. 

51  Pierre  Charles  le  Sueur,  a  French  geologist,  member  of 
Iberville's  Expedition  of  1698,  and  sent  primarily  to  report 
on  the  ''green  earth"  (copper  mines),  known  to  him  through 
previous  researches  in  1695. 

52  At  the  best  information  concerning  the  expedition  of  Le 
Sueur  is  scant.  The  most  important  source  is  the  work  of  one 
Penicaut,  Perricaut  or  Perricault  (see  A.  McF.  Davis  in  Win- 
sor's  Narrative  and  Critical  History,  Vol.  V,  page  71),  a 
carpenter  who  accompanied  the  Iberville  party  from  France  in 
1698  and  remained  in  Louisiana  until  1781.  The  most  complete 
form  in  which  we  are  able  to  read  the  Journal  is  in  Margry's 

DISCOUVERTES  ET  EtABLISSEMENTS  DES  FRANCAIS  DANS  L 'OUEST 

ET  DANS  LE  SuD  DE  l'Amerique  Septentrionale,  Vol.  V,  page 
319  et  seq.  Penicaut 's  Annals  of  Louisiana  (1698-1722)  are 
translated  in  their  entirety  in  French's  Hist.  Coll.  op  Louis- 
iana, New  Series,  Vol.  I,  but  this  translation  must  be  read  with 
caution  as  French  waa  not  the  most  careful  of  translators. 


4  THE  lOWAY 

tion  of  the  same  expedition  they  are  the  Aiaos 
or  Aiavos,  (his  MSS  ''  in  the  Congressional 
Library  is  obscure)  ;  in  Charlevoix's"*  his- 
tory, 1722,  he  gives  the  name  with  a  charac- 
teristic effort  at  precision,  as  ^'Aiouez'^; 
and  in  Lewis  and  Clark's  Travels,  1812,'' 

53  In  a  communication  from  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  former 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution, with  reference  to  the  Penicaut  manuscript,  he  states 
that  no  translation  from  this  source  has  been  made  and  that 
French  (Hist.  Coll.)  is  unreliable.  For  the  printed  form,  in 
the  French  language,  Margry's  Decouvertes  (etc.),  Vol.  V, 
is  the  authority. 

5*  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de  Charlevoix,  a  French  traveller, 
born  October  29,  1682,  at  St.  Quentin,  died,  1761.  His  most 
important  work  of  American  interest  bears  the  following  title: 
HiSTOiRE  ET  Description  Generale  de  la  Nouvelle  France, 
AvEC  le  Journal  Historique  d'un  Voyage  Fait  Par  Ordre 
Du  Eoi  Dans  L'Amerique  Septentrionale.  Paris,  1744. 
Several  editions  of  the  work,  in  three  and  six  volumes  respec- 
tively, were  issued  in  Paris  during  this  year.  Journal  d'un 
Voyage  (etc.),  usually  forms  the  last  volume,  with  a  separate 
title  page.  During  1761  this  portion  was  published  in  Eng- 
lish in  London,  two  volumes,  but  it  was  not  until  1865-72  that 
the  HiSTOiRE  proper  was  translated,  and  at  that  time  by  J.  G. 
Shea  (New  York,  6  vols.).  Foster  is  obviously  in  error  as  to 
the  date  mentioned  (1722).  Charlevoix's  work  was  not  ready 
for  publication  at  that  time,  though  he  had  no  doubt  finished 
it  in  1724,  at  which  date  he  issued  simultaneously,  the  Journal 
which  was  addressed  to  the  Duchess  de  Lesdiguieres.  Some 
partial  reprints  of  Charlevoix  do  not  contain  the  linguistic  por- 
tions. 

55  Here  the  writer  no  doubt  refers  to  the  mutilated  and 
meretricious  issue  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Journals,  published 


THE  10  WAY  5 

they  appear  as  ^^Ayauways."  The  French 
first  knew  of  the  Ajowae  through  the  Dakota- 
Sioux:  (as  we  will  observe  hereafter  in  the 
gleanings  of  their  early  history,)  and  it  is  not 
surprising  to  me  that  they  should  (or  that 
other  Indian  tribes  should)  seek  to  find  some 
easier  way  of  distinguishing  the  Tribe  than 
to  attempt  to  pronounce  the  extremely  diffi- 
cult guttural  ending  of  their  Sioux  designa- 
tion. The  Dakota-Lexicon  '^  thus  gives  its 
meaning : 

by  William  Fisher  of  Baltimore  during  1812.  As  a  contribution 
to  the  literature  of  the  subject,  the  volume  is  entirely  devoid 
of  worth  and  statements  concerning  linguistics  or  events  have 
little  value.  Coues,  in  his  edition  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark 
Travels,  gives  full  details  of  this  publication.  See  also  the 
present  writer's  Bibliography  of  the  Levi^is  and  Clark  Ex- 
pedition, Literary  Collector,  March,  1902.  In  Thwaites'  edition 
of  the  Original  Journals  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  1904,  (Vol.  T, 
page  45),  Ayauway  is  noted,  as  an  early  form  of  spelling. 

56  It  is  difficult  to  determine  exactly  the  work  here  referred 
to.  Without  doubt  in  this  instance,  as  in  those  which  follow, 
Foster  had  access  to  Eev,  S.  R.  Riggs's  Grammar  and  Dic- 
tionary OF  THE  Dakota  Language,  published  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  as  one  of  the  Contributions  to  Knowledge, 
in  1852.  Dr.  Riggs  was  a  close  student  of  Siouan  linguistics 
and  published  much  material  on  the  subject,  his  Dakota- 
English  Dictionary  being  exhaustively  edited  with  great  care 
by  J.  O.  Dorsey  and  published  in  final  form  in  1892  by  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  A  comprehensive  list  of  the 
published  and  manuscript  material  by  Riggs,  who  was  ably 
assisted  by  his  wife,  will  be  found  in  Billings's  Siouan  Bib- 
liography, page  60  et  seq,  and  in  the  S.  D.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol. 


6  THE  lOWAY 

^^Ayu'hpa,  n.  p.  (sleepy  ones:)  the  loway 
Indians,^  ^ 

The  proper  name  which  the  loway  give 
themselves,  acknowledging  no  other,  is  Pa- 
hutch'ae,  Dusty-Heads :  sometimes  translated, 
but  I  think  erroneously,  Dusty-Noses.^'^  The 
prefix  pa  anciently  signified  head'^  and  it 
does  yet  in  some  cognate  dialects  and  in  com- 
binations, especially  in  old  hereditary  prop- 
er names;  though  in  modern  parlance  it  is 
generally  confined  to  nose,  but  not  invaria- 
bly. 

Inquiring  into  the  origin  of  this  name  Pa- 
hutch'ae,  which,  whether  meaning  Dusty- 
Heads  or  Dusty-Noses,  is  quite  a  singular 
one  for  a  people  to  confer  upon  themselves, 

II.  At  various  intervals  through  the  original  work,  Foster 
acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  the  first  volume  of  the  Minn. 
Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  In  this  there  is  an  excellent  article  by  Riggs 
entitled  The  Dakota  Language,  from  which  considerable  as- 
sistance was  no  doubt  obtained. 

57  According  to  J.  O.  Dorsey  in  Bull.  30,  B.  A.  E.,  their 
tribal  tradition  is,  that  after  separating  from  the  parent  stock 
they  *  *  received  the  name  of  Pahoja,  or  Gray  Snow. ' '  See  also 
W  J  McOee,  15th  Rept.,  B.  A.  E.,  1897,  who  says:  ''Iowa  or 
Pa-qo-tce  signifies  'Dusty  Heads'.''  See  also  On  the  Origin 
OP  THE  Otos,  Joways  AND  MissouRis,  etc,  in  Maximilian's 
Travels  (Vol.  Ill,  Clark's  reprint,  page  313).  This  purports 
to  be  a  tradition  communicated  to  Maj.  Jonathan  L.  Bean,  of 
Pennsylvania,  Gov.  Sub.  Agent  to  the  Sioux,  1827-34.  The 
Iowa  are  designated  as  Pa-ho-dje,  or  Dust  Noses. 


AN 


lOWAY    GRAMMAR, 

ILLUSTRATING 
THE    PRINCIPLES 

OP     THE 

LANGUAGE 

USED   By    THE 
lOWAY,    OTOE  AND  MISSOURI 

INDIANS. 

PRXPARBD      AND      PRINTED 

BY 
Rev.    Wm.   HAMILTON 

AND 

Rev.    S.  M.  IRVIN. 
Ihider  the  direction  of  the  Presbyterian  B.  F.  M^ 


lOWAY  AND  SAC    MISSION  PRESS. 

1848. 

KXA( '1'  SIZK  iW  THE  ORIGINAI, 


THE  lOWAY  7 

I  find  recorded  a  theory  to  fit  each  transla- 
tion. In  Schoolcraft's  official  Collections, 
in  a  paper  prepared  February  1, 1848,  by  the 
loway  missionaries,^^  page  262,  volume  III,  I 
read  of  the  fanciful  and  somewhat  strained 
solution,  as  follows : 

When  they  [the  loway]  separated  from  the  first 
Indian  tribe,  or  family,  to  hunt  game,  their  first  loca- 
tion was  near  the  mouth  of  a  river,  where  there  were 
large  sand-bars,  from  which  the  wind  blew  quantities 
of  sand  or  dust  upon  their  faces,  from  which  they  were 
called  Pa-hu-chas  or  Dusty-noses. 

Per  contra :  During  November,  1873,  when 
I  was  at  the  former  Winnebago  Agency, 
Blue  Earth  County,  Minnesota,  I  mentioned 
the  above  theory  of  the  loway  name  to  the 
intelligent  Winnebago  ex-Chief  '^Baptiste," 
the  Half -Breed,  who  in  his  youthful  wander- 
ings had  lived  a  considerable  time  on  the 
Missouri  amongst  the  loway.     He  smiled  at 

58  Rev.  William  Hamilton  and  Rev.  Samuel  McCleary  Irvin, 
Presbyterian  missionaries  to  the  Iowa  and  Sauk  and  Fox  In- 
dians located  near  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Nemaha  river.  They 
established  what  was  known  as  the  loway  and  Sac  Mission 
Press  at  their  station  in  1848,  issuing  therefrom  several  vol- 
umes now  of  great  rarity  including  An  low  ay  Grammar  and 
The  Ioway  Primer,  the  latter  in  two  editions.  (See  illustra- 
tion). For  a  complete  list  of  their  writings  see  Pilling,  Bib- 
liography OF  THE  SioUAN  LANGUAGES,  p.  31  et  seq.  There  is 
an  autobiography  of  Hamilton  in  Nebraska  State  Historical 
Society  Reports,  Vol.  I,  1885,  first  series. 


8  THE  lOWAY 

it,  and,  in  his  broken  English  at  first  and 
then  through  ex-Interpreter  Menaige,  who 
was  present,  said,  that  the  loway  name  meant 
Dusty,  or  Dusty  Gray,  Heads,  and  that  it 
occurred  in  this  way:  Living  on  the  Mis- 
souri as  they  had  done  in  the  earliest  time : 
wandering  away  from  it  and  then  wandering 
back  again ;  they  were  accustomed  to  bathe  a 
great  deal  in  its  yellow-muddy  waters ;  and 
that  when  they  dried  off  after  coming  out  of 
the  water,  the  sediment  of  the  water  remained 
on  their  heads  making  them  look  dusty  and 
gray ;  and  this  was  the  true  reason  they  be- 
came the  Pahutch'aB,  or  Dusty-Head  Tribe. 
Baptiste  said  this  was  the  accepted  theory 
amongst  the  old  people  of  the  loway  as  to 
the  way  Pahutch'se  came  to  be  their  name. 
The  Winnebago  cognomen  for  them,  which 
is  Wahotch'sera,  the  Gray-Ones,  is  evidently 
but  a  modification  of  the  same  Dusty-Head 
idea :  (in  the  Hotchank'sera  language  hotch 
is  gray  and  rahatch,  ashes) .  And  such  mod- 
ification is,  also,  I  think  the  Dakota-Sioux 
name  for  them  of  Ayu'h'apa,  notwithstand- 
ing the  Dakota-Sioux  Lexicon  gives  it  as 
meaning  the  Drowsy-Ones,  and  to  doubt  such 
authority  may  seem  presumptuous.  But,  in 
these  investigations  I  have  noticed,  that  ab- 


THE  10  WAY  9 

original  nations,  unless  there  is  some  special 
reason  to  the  contrary  —  for  instance  a  spec- 
ial enmity  — (as  the  Chippeway  name  for  the 
Sioux  of  Opwan'ak, ' '  those  whom  we  roast, ' ') 
all  endeavor  to  translate  into  their  own  ver- 
nacular the  names  of  neighboring  tribes, 
rather  than  adopt  them  bodily :  a  notable  in- 
stance of  which  is,  that  the  name  Satilteurs^ 
people  of  the  Satilt  or  Leap  or  Rapids,  is  re- 
peated in  idea  but  in  different  forms  by  both 
the  Winnebago  and  the  Sioux,  the  latter 
terming  them  Haha'towa  and  the  former 
Rseh'atche'ra,  both  meaning,  alike,  "The 
Falls  Dtvellers,^^  Sometimes,  in  these  dia- 
lectical translations,  the  original  meaning  of 
the  tribal  name  was  correctly  rendered,  and 
sometimes  not:  the  early  French  in  fact, 
made  frequent  failures.  Now,  the  Sioux 
were  well  acquainted  with  the  loway.  They 
were,  at  the  advent  of  the  whites,  their  al- 
lies and  neighbors,  living  as  the  loway  did 
in  1700,  on  the  borders  of  Iowa  and  Minne- 
sota, about  the  headwaters  of  the  Blue  Earth 
and  Des  Moines  rivers  :^^  though  they  soon 
wandered  from  there  to  the  Missouri  again. 
The  Dakota  must  have  known  the  name  they 
called  themselves,  and  the  reason  for  it :  and 

59  See  the  map  by  Waw-Non-Que-Skoon-a. 


10  THE  lOWAr 

what  more  likely  than  that  they  should  en- 
deavor to  render  the  idea  it  conveyed  literal- 
ly into  their  own  language?  May  not  the 
Sioux  name  for  them,  therefore,  have  been 
originally  Ayu'h'apa,  deduced  thus :  A  is  the 
preposition  on  or  upon;  yu  ^^as  a  prefix  to 
adjectives  and  sometimes  to  nouns,  it  some- 
times forms  verbs,  and  means  to  make  or 
cause  to  he^^  (Dakota-Lexicon);  h'a,  is  an 
adjective,  mesmmg,  (says  the  Lexicon)  "gray 
or  mixed,  as  black  and  white,  the  black  ap- 
pearing under  the  white,  as  in  the  badger ; ' ' 
and  pa,  signifying  head.  This  combination 
would  be  literally,  ^^upon  —  to  cause  —  gray- 
mixed  —  the  head : ' '  which  is  exactly  the  idea 
that  the  loway  themselves  and  the  Winne- 
bago also  seek  to  convey  by  their  respective 
names  Pahutch'se,  the  Dusty-Heads,  and 
Wahotch'aera,  the  Gray,  (through  dust?) 
People. 

EARLY  HISTORY  OF  THE  lOWAY 

The  earliest  mention  ^"^  of  the  Tribe  is  in 
Le  Sueur's  narrative  of  his  expedition  in 

60  See  note  47.  Several  references  are  made  to  the  Iowa 
tribe  at  an  earlier   date  than  here  mentioned.     Father  Louis 

Andre,  who  came  to  Canada  during  1669,  and 
Andre,  1676     was   at    Green   Bay,   Wis.,   from   1671    to    1681, 

designates  the  Nadoessi  Maseouteins,  which  name 
was  applied  to  the  Iowa  because  of  their  relations  for  a  time 


THE  lOWAY  11 

1700  to  the  fancied  copper  mines  ^^  of  Riviere 

with   the  Sioux,  as  living  about  200  leagues  from  that  place, 
in  1676.     (See  article  by  Father  A.  E.  Jones,  in   U.  S.  Cath. 
Hist.  Mag.,  No.  9,  1889).     Father  Andre  died  in  Quebec  in  1715. 
Even  before  the  date  of  Le  Sueur  we  have  a 
Membre,  1680     reference    by    Father    Zenobius    Mfembre    in 
1680,  placing  the  Oto  and  Iowa  in  three  great 
villages  built  near  a  river  ''which  empties  in  the  river  Colbert 
[Mississippi]    on  the  west  side  above  the  Illinois,   almost  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin."     More  than  this  he  ap- 
pears to  locate  a  part  of  the  Ainove  (no  doubt  Aioue)  to  the 
west    of    the    Milwaukee    river    in    Wisconsin. 
Perrot,  1685     Perrot   (Memoirs),  apparently  locates  them,  in 
1685,  on  the  plains  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Pawnee. 
Marquette's  map  of  1674-79  gives  the  Pahoutet  (Iowa),  Oton- 
tanta  (Oto),  Maha   (Omaha)   a  position  on  the  Missouri  river, 
but  this  is  done  by  mere  chance   and  without  authority.     La 
Salle,  writing  Hennepin   August  22,   1682,  mentions  both   Oto 
and  Iowa  under  Otontanto  and  Aiounonea. 

61  It  has  often  been  a  matter  for  conjecture  why  Le  Sueur 
should  have  given  himself  so  much  concern  over  a  mine  of 
"green  earth"  as  the  discovery  does  not  seem  to  be  one  merit- 
ing a  great  amount  of  distinction.  Not  long  since,  however,  cer- 
tain mineral  specimens  of  metallic  substance,  apparently  a  sort 
of  iron  or  copper  ore,  were  found  in  the  banks  of  the  Le  Sueur 
river  (so-called  by  J.  N.  Nicollet,  and  on  a  map  published  in 
1773,  the  river  St.  Remi),  near  the  confluence  with  the  Blue 
Earth  river.  Penicaut  in  his  relation  speaks  of  the  deposit 
extending  many  miles  on  the  banks  of  the  river  (Minn.  Hist. 
Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  Ill,  page  8),  and  it  is  therefore  not  improbable 
that  the  intrepid  explorer  had  in  mind  something  more  real 
than  colored  marls  of  blue,  green  or  yellow,  which  owed  their 
color  to  the  silicate  of  iron,  and  which  were,  when  free  from 
Band,  highly  prized  aud  used  for  paint  by  the  Indians.  As  an 
article  of  trade  they  were  of  value,  but  even  this  point  does  not 
fully  explain  the  expedition.     (See  MS.  in  Ministere  des  Col- 


12  THE  lOWAY 

de  Vert,  (the  Blue  Earth  tributary  of  the 
Minnesota  river),  embodied  in  La  Harpe's 
mss/'  History  of  Louisiana,  parts  of  which 
including  Le  Sueur's  Narrative,  have  been 
recently  published.^^  As  to  this  mine,  we  are 
told  in  the  mss.  copy  ^*  in  the  Congressional 
Library  of  the  Relation  or  Penicaud,  the 
shipwright  who  accompanied  Le  Sueur  —  ^^a 
man,  (says  Neill,^^  the  erudite  historian  of 

onies,  Paris,  Vol.  XV,  c.  11,  fol.  39).  In  a  letter  from  the  In- 
tendant  Champigny  to  the  French  Minister,  also  in  this  collec- 
tion in  Paris,  the  former  says,  ''I  think  that  the  only  mines 
that  he  (Le  Sueur)  seeks  in  those  regions  are  mines  of  beaver 
skins.''  For  a  lengthy  sketch  of  the  material  first  referred  to, 
see  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  I,  1902,  reprint,  also  in 
Neill,  History  of  Minnesota,  3d  edition,  1878,  page  165,  note. 

62  See  note  50. 

63  In  Shea's  Voyages  Up  and  Down  the  Mississippi,  Al- 
bany, 1861  (1902). 

64  The  manuscript  here  referred  to  was  found  in  1869  in 
Paris,  among  a  collection  of  similar  material,  and  purchased 
by  the  Library  of  Congress.  It  consists  of  452  pages,  antique 
writing,  and  was  first  published  in  Margry's  Decouvertes, 
(etc.),  in  French.  Portions  of  it  have  been  printed  by  the 
Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  Ill,  Part  I,  and  the  whole  work 
included  by  B.  F.  French,  in  translation,  in  his  Hist.  Coll.  of 
Louisiana. 

65  Edward  Duffield  Neill,  bom  Philadelphia,  August  9,  1823., 
died  St.  Paul,  September  26,  1893.  Presbyterian  minister  in  St. 
Paul,  1849-60 ;  private  secretary  to  President  Johnson,  1865-69 ; 
consul  to  Dublin,  1869-70  and  later  president  of  Macalester 
College,  St.  Paul.  Published  extensively  in  American  his- 
tory and  his  History  of  Minnesota   (last  edition,  1887),  is 


THE  lOWAY  13 

Minnesota)  of  discernment  but  little  scholar- 
ship"—  that: 

M.  Le  Sueur  had  heard  of  the  mine  some  years 
before  while  travelling  in  the  country  of  the  Aiaos  — 
(or  Aivoe:  the  name  has  been  written  twice:  and  the 
orthography  is  obscure,) — where  he  traded. 

This  acquaintance  with  the  loway  must 
have  been  achieved  when,  as  chief  trader,^^ 
he  occupied  the  ^* factory"  of  ^^Fort  Perrot" 
on  the  ^^left"  or  east  bank  of  the  Mississip- 
pi,^^ just  below  Point  Le  Sable,  near  the  foot 
of  Lake  Pepin:  which  first  trading  post  of 

considered  of  highest  authority.  See  Dr.  Alexander  Nicolas 
DeMenirs  Literature  of  the  Louisiana  Territory  (St. 
Louis,  1904),  for  a  sketch  of  this  writer  and  of  many  others 
whose  names  are  prominent  in  the  history  of  the  middle  west. 

6«  Le  Sueur  was  commandant  at  Chequamegon  for  a  con- 
siderable time,  beginning  in  1693.  During  that  year  he  erected 
two  forts,  one  near  the  present  site  of  Red  Wing,  Minnesota, 
and  one  on  Madeline  Island,  believing  this  necessary  in  order  to 
keep  open  the  Bois  Brule  and  St.  Croix  trading  route.  See 
Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  XVI,  page  173.  For  a  sketch  of  Chaga- 
ouamegong  (now  corruptly  written  Chequamegon),  see  the  ex- 
cellent little  volume  by  Rev.  Chrysostom  Verwyst,  O.  S.  F.,  en- 
titled Missionary  Labors  of  Fathers  Marquette,  Menard, 

AND  AlLOUEZ  in  THE  LaKE  SUPERIOR  REGION,  1886,  pp.  181-182, 

also  Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  I,  which  gives  the  Indian  nomencla- 
ture, showing  the  early  form,  Chegoiwegon. 

«7  A  mistake  taken  bodily  from  Neill  's  History  of  Minne- 
sota, first  edition,  which  was  corrected  in  a  later  edition  to 
* '  Fort  Perrot  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  on  a  prairie, 
just  below  the  expansion  of  the  stream  known  as  Lake  Pepin. '^ 


14  THE  lOWAY 

the  upper  Mississippi  was  erected  in  1683,  by 
Nicholas  Perrot  ^^  and  M.  le  Sueur  by  order 
of  Governor  De  la  Barre,^*"  of  Canada,  ^'to 
establish  (says  the  historian  Neill)  friendly 
alliances  with  the  loway  and  Dakota";  and 
this  post  was  for  years  the  only  one  in  all 
that  region,  until  Le  Sueur  himself,  in  1695, 
built  the  ^^ French  factory"  of  ^'Isle  Pelee," 
at  the  ^^ right"  bank,  on  Prairie  or  ^^Bald" 
Island,  about  ten  miles  below  the  St.  Croix. 
The  loway,  (as  will  hereafter  appear),  oc- 
cupied at  that  time  a  not  very  remote  nor 
inaccessible  location  from  Fort  Perrot,  in 
the  region  around  and  amidst  the  head  waters 
of  the  Des  Moines  and  Blue  Earth  rivers, 
and  being  allies  of  the  Sioux,  they  doubtless 

68  Nicolas  Perrot,  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  early 
voyageurs  and  very  well  acquainted  with  the  northwestern  tribes, 
gained  their  confidence  and  good-Tvill  from  the  beginning.  He 
was  born  in  1644  and  employed  by  the  Jesuits  from  1660-65, 
later  connecting  himself  with  the  Ottawa  fur-trade.  He  is 
probably  better  known,  however,  as  an  explorer,  and  in  1685 
was  employed  by  the  government  of  Canada  as  commandant  in 
the  northwest.  During  his  last  years  he  composed  his  Me- 
moirs which  remained  in  manuscript  until  1864.  at  which  time 
they  were  published  with  copious  notes  by  Tailhan.  Perrot 
died  August  13,  1717.  See  Stickney,  Parkman  Club  Papers, 
Milwaukee,  1896. 

69  Pierre  de  Fevre  de  La  Barre,  successor  of  Frontenac,  as 
governor  of  Canada,  and  in  turn  followed  by  Denonville.  An 
ignorant  and  by  no  means  worthy  occupant  of  the  position. 


THE  lOWAY  15 

brought  their  furs  and  obtained  their  trad- 
ing supplies  of  Le  Sueur  at  this  ^^Fort" :  and 
it  is  not  improbable  that  Le  Sueur  (and  his 
engages)  also  travelled  in  their  country  on 
hunting  or  trading  expeditions. 

In  La  Harpe's  account  of  Le  Sueur's  long 
^* voyage''  up  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth 
to  the  ^^mine"  with  his  '^felucca/''  two  canoes 
and  twenty  men, ' '  ^^  the  loway  are  frequently 
mentioned.  The  first  instance  is  when  about 
the  14th''  of  July,  1700,  as  he  passed  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  he  ^^met  three  Cana- 
dian voyageurs,  who  came  to  join  his  band, 
and  received  by  them  a  letter  from  Father 
Marest,'^  Jesuit,  dated  July  10,  1700,  at  the 
Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  of  the 
Holy  Virgin  in  Illinois:"  of  which  the  fol- 
lowing is  a  copy : 

I  have  the  honor  to  write  in  order  to  inform  you, 
that  the  Saugiestas  have  been  defeated  by  the  Scioux 

70  A  small,  square-ended  barge  equipped  with  both  oars  and 
sail. 

71  Nineteen   men.     La  Harpe  's   Narrative.     Penicaud. 

72  Ihid.     Gives  the  date  as  29th. 

73  Gabriel  Marest,  S.  J.,  who  came  to  Canada  in  1694  and 
died  at  the  Kaskaskia  Mission,  September  15,  1714.  Practically 
his  whole  life  was  spent  among  the  Kaskaskia  Indians  of  Illinois, 
once  the  leading  tribe  of  the  Illinois  Confederacy,  and  he  taught 
among  them  continually. 


16  THE  lOWAY 

and  the  Ayavois/*  The  people  have  formed  an  alli- 
ance with  the  Quincapous,  and  some  of  the  Mecoutins, 
Renards,  and  Metesigamias,  and  gone  to  revenge  them- 
selves, not  on  the  Scioux,  for  they  are  too  much  afraid 
of  them,  but  perhaps  on  the  Ayavois,  or  very  likely 
upon  the  Paoutees,  or  more  probably  upon  the  Osages, 
for  these  suspect  nothing,  and  the  others  are  on  their 
guard.  As  you  will  probably  meet  these  allied  na- 
tions, you  ought  to  take  precaution  against  their  plans, 
and  not  allow  them  to  board  your  vessel,  since  they 
are  traitors,  and  utterly  faithless.  I  pray  God  to  ac- 
company you  in  all  your  designs. 

This  letter  of  Father  Marest  shows,  that 
the  loway  were  then  in  alliance  with  the 
Sioux,  and  establishes,  that  their  Indo- 
French  name  of  "Ayavois^^  was  already 
pretty  well  understood :  and  that  even  their 
own  name  for  themselves  was  not  unknown, 
Paoutees,  or  —  (to  transliterate  the  French 
orthography  into  our  Indian  alphabet), — 
Paut'ses,  was  not  far  off  from  their  true  des- 
ignation of  Pahutchaes:  though,  curiously 
enough,  they  are  held  to  be  another  tribe! 
The  warning  of  this  war-party  given  Le 
Sueur  by  the  '^ Father'^  proved  no  false 
alarm;  for  just  below  the  Wisconsin,  ^^five 

74  ' '  This  does  not  accord  with  the  general  tradition  that  the 
Dakota  were  always  enemies  of  the  Sioux,  nevertheless  the  name 
Nadoessi  Mascouteins  seems  to  have  been  applied  to  the  Iowa 
by  the  earlier  missionaries  because  of  their  relations  for  a  time 
Mdth  the  Sioux. ' '    Cyrus  Thomas,  Bull.  30,  B.  A.  E.,  1907. 


THE  lOWAY  17 

Canadians"  were  met  with,  *^ descending 
from  the  Scioux  to  go  to  Tamarois,"  who, 
above  the  Wisconsin,  had  been  fallen  in  with 
by  a  war-party  of  *^  ninety  savages  in  nine 
canoes, ' '  being  of '  *  four  different  nations,  the 
Outagamis  [Foxes],  Saquis  [Saukes],  Pou- 
touwatamis  and  Puans  [Winnebago],  who 
had  ^^ robbed  and  cruelly  beat  them."  Tak- 
ing these  five  men  with  him  as  volunteers, 
Le  Sueur  proceeded  up  the  river  until  he 
met  this  war-party  near  Black  River,  re- 
turning from  an  unsuccessful  encounter  with 
the  '' Scioux,^ ^  and  brought  them  to  terms, 
and,  being  evidently  too  strong  for  them  to 
maltreat  or  meddle  with  in  any  way,  extorted 
a  kind  of  apology  from  them  for  what  they 
had  done. 

On  the  first  of  October  Le  Sueur  finally 
reached  his  destination  near  his  ''miney 
We  extract  from  the  narrative  of  his  pro- 
ceeding while  here  so  much  of  it  as  refers 
to  the  loway: 

After  he  [Le  Sueur]  entered  into  Blue  river,  thus 
named  on  account  of  the  mines  of  blue  earth  found  at 
its  mouth,  he  founded  his  post,  situated  in  44  degrees 
13  minutes  north  latitude.  He  met  at  this  place  nine 
Scioux,  who  told  him  the  river  belonged  to  the  Scioux 
of  the  West,  the  Ayavois  [loways],  and  Otoctatas 
[Otoes],  who  lived  a  little  farther  off:  that  it  was  not 


18  THE  lOWAY 

their  [the  ''Scioux"]  custom  to  hunt  on  ground  be- 
longing to  others,  unless  invited  to  do  so  by  the  owners, 
and  that  when  they  would  come  to  the  fort  to  obtain 
provisions  they  would  be  in  danger  of  being  killed  in 
ascending  or  descending  the  rivers,  which  were  nar- 
row, and  that  if  he  would  show  them  pity,  he  must  es- 
tablish himself  on  the  Mississippi,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  St.  Pierre,  where  the  Ayavois,  the  Otoctatas, 
and  the  other  Scioux,  could  go  as  well  as  them 
.  .  .  Le  Sueur  had  forseen  that  the  establish- 
ment of  Blue  river  would  not  please  the  Scioux, 
.  .  .  because  they  were  the  first  with  whom  trade 
was  commenced,  and  in  consequence  of  which  they 
had  already  quite  a  number  of  guns.  .  .  On  the 
3d  of  October,  they  received  at  the  fort  several 
Scioux,  among  whom  was  Wahkantape,  chief  of  the 
village.  Soon  two  Canadians  arrived  who  had  been 
hunting,  and  had  been  robbed  by  the  Scioux  of 
the  east,  who  had  raised  their  guns  against  the 
establishment  which  M.  Le  Sueur  had  made  on  Blue 
river.  On  the  14th  the  fort  was  finished  and 
named  ''Fort  L'Huillier,"  and  on  the  22d  two  Canadi- 
ans were  sent  out  to  invite  the  Ayavois  and  Otoctatas 
to  come  and  establish  a  village  near  the  fort,  because 
these  Indians  are  industrious  [  ?]  and  accustomed  to 
cultivate  the  earth,  [  ?]  and  they  hoped  to  get  pro- 
visions from  them  and  to  make  them  work  [ !]  in  the 
mines. 

An  assertion,  a  hope  and  an  expectation 
which  rather  proves,  tha:t  Le  Sueur  knew 
nothing  of  these  Indians  from  actual  obser- 
vation in  their  country,  but  only  knew  of 
them  from  report  and  by  a  few  individuals 


THE  lOWAY  19 

whom  he  probably  met  for  trade  at  the  posts 
at  Forts  Perrot  or  Isle  Pele ;  for  there  is  no 
evidence  that  they  ever  were  ^* industrious/' 
or  given  to  *^ cultivating  the  earth"  any  more 
than  other  Indians :  nor  are  they  at  this  day. 
But,  to  continue  our  extracts : 

The  same  day  [the  24th]  the  Canadians,  who  had 
been  sent  off  on  the  22d  arrived  without  having  found 
the  road  which  led  to  the  Ayavois  and  Otoctates. 

.  .  .  On  the  16th  [of  Nov.]  the  Scioux  returned 
to  their  village,  and  it  was .  reported  that  the  Ayavois 
and  Otoctatas  were  going  to  establish  themselves  to- 
wards the  Missouri  river,  near  the  Maha  [Omahaw], 
who  dwell  in  that  region. 

In  May,  1701,  Le  Sueur  left  Port  d'Huil- 
lier  in  charge  of  M.  d'Evaque,  a  Canadian 
gentleman,  with  a  force  of  twelve  French- 
men, while  he  himself  in  his  felucca  with  the 
rest  of  his  men  returned  to  Mobile,  carrying 
with  him ' '  three  canoe  loads, ' '  or  ^  ^  four  thous- 
and pounds,"  of  the  ^^ green  earth,"  (sup- 
posed to  be  oxide  of  copper,  but  which  was 
really  from  a  kind  of  shelly  marly  strata,  in- 
terposed between  the  f ossilif erous  limestone 
and  the  sandstone  of  that  region,  that  was 
colored  bluish-green  by  silicate  of  iron.  We 
next  find  Le  Sueur  —  (who  it  has  been  stat- 
ed was  the  father  of  the  three  distinguished 
brothers  D 'Iberville,  DeBienville,  and  Sau- 


20  THE  lOWAY 

voile)'" —  in  the  summer  of  1701  accompany- 
ing D 'Iberville,  the  Governor  of  Louisiana, 
on  his  return  to  France,  and  assisting  him 
while  on  shipboard  in  concocting  a  Memorial 
on  the  Mississippi  Valley,  addressed  to  the 
French  government:  in  which  D 'Iberville 
says : 

He  [M.  Le  Sueur]  has  spoken  to  me  of  another, 
[nation]  which  he  calls  the  Mahas,  [ Omaha w],  com- 
posed of  more  than  twelve  hundred  families  [!],  the 
Ayooues  and  the  Octootatas,  their  neighbors,  are  about 
three  hundred  families.  They  occupy  the  lands  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  the  Missouri,  about  one 
hundred  leagues  from  the  Illinois.  These  savages  do 
not  know  the  use  of  (fire?)  arms  .   .    . 

The   memorial,    (a   manuscript   copy   of 

75  This  statement  is  wholly  without  foundation.  Iberville 
was  the  third  son  of  a  burgher  of  Dieppe  one  Charles  Le  Moyne, 
father  of  fourteen  children,  who  migrated  from  his  native  coun- 
try to  Canada  in  1640,  at  which  place  he  joined  the  Jesuits. 
Sieur  d '  Bienville  together  with  his  brother  w^ere  leaders  in  that 
conflict  with  the  English  in  the  Hudson  Bay  region  (see  Winsor, 
Narrative  and  Critical  History,  Vol.  IV),  and  it  is  not  ex- 
aggeration to  term  Pierre  le  Moyne,  Sieur  d 'Iberville,  as  one  of 
the  most  noted  Canadian  naval  officers  of  his  time.  His  death 
occurred  from  yellow  fever,  July  9,  1706,  at  Havana.  Cf.  The 
First  Great  Canadian.  By  Charles  B.  Reed,  Chic,  1910;  also 
Wis.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  XVI.  Certain  writers  affirm  the  rela- 
tions between  Sauvole  and  the  others  here  mentioned,  notably 
Gayarre,  in  his  History  of  Louisiana,  Vol.  I,  page  58.  Later 
authorities,  however,  as  Hamilton,  Colonial  Mobile,  page  32, 
take  opposite  views.     See  note  51  for  a  sketch  of  Le  Sueur. 


THE  lOWAY  21 

which,  quoted  by  Professor  Neill  in  his  Min- 
nesota history,  is  in  possession  of  the  Histor- 
ical Society  of  that  State) ,  contains  the  first 
attempt  we  have  upon  the  record  at  a  Census 
of  the  Tribes  of  the  Mississippi,  and  partial- 
ly of  the  Missouri  Valleys :  made  thirty-four 
vears  before  the  French  Census  of  the  Cass 
manuscript  ^^  —  a  census  formerly  claimed 
as  being  the  very  first  extant  —  so  claimed  by 
Schoolcraft,  in  the  third  volume  of  his  Col- 
lections. 

Penicaud,  the  carpenter,  states,  that 
D'Evaque  and  the  men  Le  Sueur  left  in 
charge  of  the  Blue  Earth  post,  abandoned 
it,  and  returned  to  Mobile  [arriving  there 
on  the  3d  of  March],  1703,  having  left,  as 
they  alleged,  on  account  of  being  warred  up- 
on ^^  by  the  nations  of  Maskoutens  and  Fox- 
es," and  '^  seeing  that  he  was  out  of  powder 
and  lead. ' '  Le  Sueur  for  several  years  after 
his  operations  on  the  Blue-Earth  was  kept 
busy  leading  expeditions  against  the  Natchez 
and  other  Indians  of  the  southwest;  and  is 

76  Gen.  Lewis  Cass,  on  his  return  from  France  in  1842, 
brought  certain  French  manuscripts  among  which  was  a  census 
of  Indian  tribes,  compiled  by  one  M.  Chauvignerie.  School- 
craft gives  this  in  full  in  his  monumental  work  on  the  Indiana 
of  North  America.     (Vol.  Ill,  pages  553-557). 


22  THE  10  WAY 

said  to  have  died  "  on  the  road  during  one 
of  them. 

Some  further  information  in  regard  to  the 
loway  is  gathered  from  a  chart  of  the  north- 
western part  of  Louisiana,  by  ^'William  De 
L'IsLE,  de  V Academy  Roy  ale  des  Sciences, 
et  Premier  Geographe  du  Roy:  a  Paris: 
1703"  in  the  preparation  of  which  Le  Sueur 
probably  assisted  by  his  notes  and  observa- 
tions/'    A  section  of  this  map,  (lithograph- 

77  There  is  no  authority  for  this  statement.  See  note  50. 
Le  Sueur  came  to  Canada  as  a  young  man  and  became  a  fur 
trader.  During  1693  and  for  a  few  years  thereafter  he  was 
commandant  at  Chequamegon  and  discovering  lead  mines  on  the 
upper  Mississippi  he  made  efforts  to  secure  permission  to  work 
them,  but  without  success.  Little  is  known  of  his  last  years  and 
his  death  occurred  while  on  the  ocean,  probably  before  1710. 

78  It  is  doubtful  that  Le  Sueur  gave  assistance  as  here  stated. 
The  map  in  question  is  Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle 
Trance  et  des  Decouvertes  que  y  Ont  Etj^  Faites.  Par 
Guillaume  DePIsle.  Paris,  Tauteur  1703.  (191/2x251/^). 
There  is  a  reproduction,  reduced,  in  Neill's  Minnesota,  3d  edi- 
tion, and  Milburn's  The  Lance,  Cross  and  Canoe,  p.  72,  on 
which  is  to  be  found  the  following  note: 

''The  manuscript  from  which  the  above  Map  was  prepared, 
was  found  in  the  *  Bibliotheque  du  roi,'  in  Paris  in  a  volume 
of  La  Harpe's  journeys  of  1718-1722.  It  is  said  to  bear  date 
the  year  1700.  If  so,  it  is  evident  that  after  the  original  prep- 
aration and  before  publication  some  one  has  added  matter  sub- 
sequently ascertained,  for  the  Map  above  contains  items  of  as 
late  a  date  as  1717.  Also  is  to  be  noted  the  fact  that  while  all 
the  other  parts  of  the  Map  are  in  the  French  language,  one 
single  English  phrase  is  to  be  found  in  the  lower  right-hand 


THE  lOWAY  23 

ed  for  Neill's  History  of  Minnesota),  shows 
a  traders  trail  marked  "CJiemin  des  Voy- 
ageurs,  ^  ^  across  the  State  of  Iowa,  commenc- 
ing at  the  Mississippi,  a  few  miles  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  and  following  west 
by  a  little  north  until  in  the  vicinity  of  Spirit 
Lake,  it  struck  just  below  the  lowest  of  the 
lakes  which  are  at  the  head  of  the  Little 
Sioux  river,  upon  which  lower  lake  is  mark- 
ed ^^  Village  des  Aiaoues  ou  Paoutez"  (Pa- 
hutch'se)  ;  then  continuing  due  westward  to- 
wards the  Big  Sioux  this  Chemin  du  Voy- 
ageurs  bends  a  little  southward  towards  the 
mouth  of  that  river;  on  which  river,  near 
the  Missouri,  three  or  four  villages  of  "Ma- 
ha^^  (Omahaw),  are  marked.  Besides  these 
a  couple  of  minor  "Aianouez^^  villages  are 
likewise  set  down  at  the  west  end  of  the  Che- 

corner,  to-wit:  'De  Soto  landed  31  May,  1538.'  This  would 
indicate  that  some  one  other  than  the  original  draftsman  had 
taken  part  in  its  creation  and  at  a  time  subsequent  to  its  original 
preparation. ' ' 

Claude  and  Guillaume  Delisle  —  father  and  son  —  were  the 
most  noted  French  cartographers  of  their  day.  There  have 
been  reissues  of  the  map  in  question,  corrected  to  date.  For  a 
sketch  of  Delisle  see  C.  A.  Walckenaer,  Vies  de  Plusieurs  Per- 
SONNAGES  C6LEBRES,  1830 ;  and  Vincent  Dutouret,  Examen  sur 
TouTES  LES  Cartes  Generales  des  quatre  parties  de  le 
Terre,  mises  au  jour,  par  feu  Delisle,  dupuis  1700,  jus'qu 
EN  1725,  pour  Servir  d 'Eclaircissement  sur  la  Geographis, 
1728. 


24  THE  lOWAY 

min  des  Voyageurs  where  it  strikes  the  Big 
Sioux,  which  is  apparently  about  the  junc- 
tion of  ^*Fish  Creek''  with  it:  [See  Waw- 
non-que-skoon-a  's  map  of  loway  migrations 
in  Vol.  Ill,  Schoolcraft,  page  256],^^  and 
again  further  westward,  considerably  be- 
yond the  western  termination  of  the  "Che- 
min^^  on  the  James  River,  four  minor  vil- 
lages of  "Aiaoitez''''  are  also  noted :  while  far 
south  by  a  little  east  of  the  first  mentioned 
main  **  Village  des  Aiaoues  ou  Paoutez,^^  up- 
on the  north  or  ^4eft"  bank  of  the  Missouri 
river  at  a  point  nearly  due  west  from  the 
mouth  of  the  ^'Des  Moines  ou  le  Moingona,^^ 
we  find  located  the  ^^Yoways,"  and  a  few 
miles  above  them  on  the  same  side,  the  ^^Les 
Octotata":  which  locations  were  not  a  great 
distance  from  the  spot  where  the  loway  and 
Otoe  now  live  upon  one  common  **  Reserva- 
tion," on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Missouri 
just  within  Nebraska. 

ANTE-WHITE  HISTORY  OF  THE  lOWAY 

For  the  history  of  the  loway  before  the 
whites  knew  them,  there  is  no  data,  beyond 
language  and  ancestral  beliefs  and  customs, 
except  their  own  vague  traditions  or  those 

79  Plate  30. 


Jtl£ 


Flatte 


\% 


40 


.39 


of  the 

©  ^  u)  n  ^j  K  y 

ybnneHv  occupied'  by  the 

from  a  map  made  bj 

iVX  lOWAY  BRAY'S 


X^ 


Draw-n  by  Capt.S.Zastinaa.U".S.Army 
En^r  aved  tj  W.  VJiiaiQS . 


^r. 


b^ii 


i»^ 


itf     A   A/ 


F^Leavenwar^XHX 


9te        Longitiide  "West  firoi 


13  ^"^\'^ 


^   12 


94 


Mis 
9p 


'Here  a  council  wixJt  several 
trihes  was  held,  iy  Gen. Clark 


39 


'i      River 


THE  lOWAY  25 

equally  vague  and  uncertain  of  other  tribes. 
The  Reverends  William  Hamilton,  and  S.  M. 
Irvin,  their  missionaries,  communicated  to 
Schoolcraft  ^"^  in  1848,  this  statement  of  *^an 
old  loway  Indian  [aged]  about  sixty  years 
or  more." 

About  sixty-six  years  ago,  we  lived  on  a  river,  which 
runs  from  a  lake  to  the  Mississippi,  from  the  east, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  that  river.  Our  fathers  and 
great  fathers  lived  there  for  a  long  time,  as  long  as 
they  could  recollect.  At  that  time  we  had  about  four 
hundred  men  fit  to  go  to  war,  but  we  were  then  small 
to  what  we  had  been.  Our  fathers  say,  as  long  as 
they  can  recollect,  we  have  been  diminishing.  (This 
is  a  usual  Indian  complaint :  in  most  instances  an  un- 
founded one).  We  owned  all  the  land  east  of  the 
Mississippi.  (This  usual  Indian  claim  of  very  ex- 
tended possessions  has  generally  very  little  foundation 
in  fact).  Whatever  ground  we  made  tracks  through, 
it  was  ours.  Our  fathers  saw  white  men  on  the 
[great?]  lakes  about  120  years  ago;  [Nearer  200 
probably]  ;  do  not  know  where  they  came  from.  About 
the  same  time  we  first  got  guns.  We  were  afraid  of 
them  at  first,  they  seemed  like  the  "Great  Spirit." 
Our  fathers  also,  at  the  same  time,  for  the  first  re- 
ceived iron,  axes,  hoes,  kettles  and  woollen  blankets. 
We,  the  [present]  old  men  of  our  nation,  first  saw 
white  men  between  forty  and  fifty  years  ago,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri. 

The  same  missionary  gentlemen,  in  the 

80  Vol.  Ill,  page  262. 


26  THE  lOWAY 

same  paper,  make  these  observations,  wMch 
every  one  who  has  ever  engaged  in  Indian 
researches,  or  in  inquiries  of  the  Indians 
themselves,  will  endorse  as  entirely  correct : 
In  tracing  their  history,  religion,  &c.,  it  will  be  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  to  proceed  with  certainty  and  sat- 
isfaction, from  the  differences  we  find  in  the  notions 
of  different  individuals:  e.  g.  today  we  will  sit  down 
with  an  old  Indian,  who  will  enter  into  a  plausible 
detail  of  their  history^  or  religious  belief,  or  some 
traditions  of  their  fathers.  Another  of  the  same  age 
and  patriarchal  rights  will  give  quite  a  different  state- 
ment about  the  same  things;  or  perhaps  the  same  in- 
dividual w^ould  tomorrow  give  his  own  story  quite  a 
different  shade.  This  is  the  reason  why  the  reports 
of  the  transient  observers  vary  so  much.  It  requires 
long  acquaintance,  and  close  observation,  to  arrive  at 
anything  like  just  conclusions  on  these  points;  and 
it  is  only  by  collecting  different  and  conflicting  notions, 
and  balancing  them,  that  we  can  find  which  prevails. 

Now,  in  regard  to  the  story  of  the  ^^old 
loway  Indian''  above  quoted,  it  may  be  re- 
marked that  it  is  quite  certain  the  loway 
Tribe  did  not  *^ about  sixty  years"  previous 
to  1848,  that  is,  in  1788,  live  an^^where  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  nor  had  they 
for  more  than  a  hundred  years  before  1848, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  they  had  ever  done  so 
since  the  advent  of  the  whites  upon  the  great 
lakes.     But  though  documents  extant  nega- 


THE  lOWAY  27 

tive  this  story  of  the  '^old  loway  Indian" 
as  to  time,  may  there  not  be  in  this  statement 
the  shadowy  tribal  recollection  of  the  period 
when  they  were  a  Band  of  the  Hotchankaera 
or  Winnebago,  and  lived  near  them?  This 
lake  and  river  ^^east  of  the  Mississippi/' 
their  former  residence,  may  have  been  Mille 
Lacs  and  its  outlet  in  Minnesota,  subsequent- 
ly the  home  of  the  Sioux  when  first  visited  by 
De  Groseilliers  and  Raddison,^^  and  then  by 

81  For  an  extended  account  of  the  Radisson-Groseillers  con- 
troversy see  Memoirs  of  Explorations  in  the  Basin  of  the 
Mississippi,  Vol.  VI,  Minnesota,  by  J.  V,  Brower,  and  par- 
ticularly Radisson  and  Groseilliers,  by  Henry  Colin  Camp- 
bell, issued  as  No.  2  of  the  ParTcman  Club  Publications,  Milwau- 
kee,  1896. 

Pierre  Esprit  Radisson  was  a  native  of  St.  Malo  in  Brittany 
and  in  1651  settled  with  his  parents  at  Three  Rivers  on  the 
St.  Lawrence.  Medard  Chouart,  Sieur  des  Groseilliers,  was  born 
in  Brie,  France,  though  the  exact  dates  in  both  cases  are  not 
known.  It  is  supposed  that  these  two  adventurers  died  in 
Great  Britain  at  an  advanced  age  as  they  had  served  in  the 
interest  of  the  French  and  British  as  policy  dictated.  In  the 
Minnesota  monograph  above  referred  to,  Mr.  Benjamin  Suite, 
one  of  the  leading  Canadian  authorities  on  the  early  French 
explorations,  gives  in  detail  a  vast  amount  of  highly  important 
material  concerning  the  Radisson- (Chouart)  Groseillers  connec- 
tion and  a  more  popular  though  somewhat  biased  exposition 
of  the  same  subject  is  given  by  Miss  Agnes  C.  Laut  in  her 
Pathfinders  of  the  West,  part  I. 

Radisson 's  highly  important  account  of  his  wanderings  are 
in  manuscript  in  The  Bodleian  Library,  and  include  the  record 
of  his  first  four  voyages,  including  two  journeys  westward  in 


28  THE  lOWAY 

DuLuth  ^^  and  Hennepin  ?  or  the  Chippeway 
River?  or  the  Wisconsin?  or  Rock  River "i. 
Traditions  of  the  Santee  [Esanyate]  Sioux 
who  up  to  1852  occupied  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi in  Minnesota  allege  that  when  they  em- 
igrated from  the  North  the  loway  were  in 
possession  of  the  region  around  the  mouth 
of  the  Minnesota  river,  and  that  they  drove 
them  away.  On  this  head,  two  of  their  re- 
liable missionaries.  Reverends  Dr.  William- 
son and  G.  H.  Pond,  have  communicated  ar- 
ticles to  the  Minnesota  Historical  Collections. 

company  with  Groseilliers,  and  his  subsequent  Hudson  Bay  ex- 
periences are  in  the  British  Museum.  In  1885  The  Frince  So- 
ciety of  Boston  published  the  work  in  its  entirety  and  to  the  last- 
ing benefit  of  American  history. 

For  further  reference  to  this  matter  see  Wis.  Hist.  Coll., 
Vol.  XI,  and  also  the  same  Society 's  Proceedings,  for  1895. 

82  Daniel  Greysolon  du  Luth  (Lhut)  was  for  a  time  com- 
mandant of  the  northwest.  Coming  to  Canada  as  an  officer 
from  France  about  1676  he  conducted  an  expedition  against 
the  Sioux  in  1678  and  a  year  later  took  formal  possession  of 
their  country  for  France.  He  spent  several  years  as  an  ex- 
plorer and  fur  trader,  and  in  1689  returned  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 
His  death  occurred  in  1710.  Bee  Minn.  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  I. 
His  name  is  spelled  Du  Luth,  Du  Lut,  Dulhut,  De  Luth,  Dulud 
and  Du  Luhd  in  the  old  documents.  The  city  of  Duluth,  St. 
Louis  Co.,  Minnesota,  founded  in  1856,  was  named  after  the 
explorer  at  the  suggestion  of  Rev.  J.  G.  Wilson  of  Logansport, 
Indiana.  See  Stennett,  History  of  the  Origin  op  the  Place 
Names  connected  with  the  C.  &  N.  W.  R.  R.,  etc..  Chic, 
1908. 


THE  lOWAY  29 

Mr.  Pond  writes,  in  the  number  for  1852, 
pages  23  and  24,  as  follows : 

Takoha,  the  old  war  prophet,  says  that  the  Iowa 
Indian  never  occupied  the  country  around  the  mouth 
of  the  Minnesota  river.  He  affirms  that  it  once  be- 
longed to  the  Winnebagoes  who  were  long  ago  driven 
from  it  by  the  Dakotas  —  a  few  others  of  the  Dakotas 
agree  with  Takoha.  But  Black  Tomahawk,  who  is  by 
some  of  the  most  intelligent  half-breeds  considered  the 
best  Mdewakantonwan  traditionist,  says  that  in  the 
earliest  years  of  the  existence  of  the  Dakotas  they 
became  acquainted  with  the  Iowa  Indians,  and  that 
they  lived  in  a  village  at  the  place  which  is  now  called 
Oak  Grove,  seven  or  eight  miles  from  Fort  Snelling, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Minnesota  river.  The  num- 
erous little  mounds  which  are  to  be  seen  about  Oak 
Grove,  he  says,  are  the  works  of  the  Iowa  Indians. 

The  old  man  says  that  in  ancient  times,  when  the 
Dakotas  had  no  arms  but  the  bow  and  stone  or  horn 
headed  arrows,  and  used  knives  and  axes  manufac- 
tured from  the  same  materials,  these  little  mounds 
which  we  now  see  at  the  place  above  named  were  the 
dwellings  of  the  lowas.  They  were  the  enemies  of  the 
Dakotas,  who  used  occasionally  to  make  a  warpath 
from  Mille  Lac,  where  they  then  resided,  down  to  the 
Iowa  village,  and  carry  off  with  them  scalps,  which 
made  glad  the  hearts  of  their  wives  and  daughters. 
The  strife  between  the  two  nations  eventually  became 
desperate,  and  the  gods,  who  are  always  deeply  inter- 
ested in  Indian  wars,  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Da- 
kotas. 

The  thunder,  which  the  Dakotas  believe  to  be  a 
winged  monster,   and  which   in  character  seems   to 


30  THE  lOWAY 

answer  very  well  to  the  Mars  of  the  ancient  heathen, 
bore  down  upon  the  Iowa  village  in  a  most  terrible 
and  god-like  manner.  Tempests  howled,  the  forked 
lightnings  flashed,  and  the  thunders  uttered  their 
voices ;  the  earth  trembled ;  a  thunderbolt  was  hurled 
at  the  devoted  village,  which  ploughed  the  earth,  and 
formed  that  deep  ravine  near  the  present  dwelling  of 
Peter  Quinn.  This  occurrence  unnerved  the  lowas, 
and  the  Dakotas,  taking  advantage  of  it,  fell  upon 
their  enemies  and  drove  them  across  the  Minnesota 
river  and  burned  up  their  village. 

The  lowas  then  built  another  village  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river  near  the  present  planting  grounds 
of  Grey  Iron,  where  they  remained  till  the  Dakotas 
obtained  firearms,  when  they  fought  their  last  battle 
with  them  in  Minnesota,  on  Pilot  Knob,  back  of  Men- 
dota.  The  lowas  who  escaped  on  this  occasion  fled 
and  erected  their  next  village  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Iowa  river,  from  which  they  were  again  eventually 
driven  by  the  Dakotas  towards  the  Missouri.  The  old 
man  from  whom  we  gather  the  substance  of  what  has 
gone  before  says  that  these  mounds  are  the  remains  of 
the  dwelling  houses  of  the  ancient  lowas.  Some  say 
that  they  are  not  the  remains  of  the  dwellings  of  the 
lowas,  but  those  of  some  other  people  with  whom 
tradition  does  not  acquaint  them ;  and  others  still  say 
that  they  are  ancient  burial  places. 

The  following  two  or  three  facts  may  not  be  without 
interest  to  the  reader.  Some  six  years  since,  Mr. 
Quinn  of  Oak  Grove  removed  the  earth  of  one  of  these 
mounds  at  the  same  place  where  Black  Tomahawk  says 
the  ancient  Iowa  village  stood.  As  the  earth  was 
removed  on  a  level  with  the  natural  surrounding  sur- 
face,  charred   poles  and  human  bones  were   found. 


THE  lOWAY  31 

It  was  easy  and  natural  for  the  imagination  to  supply 
the  rest,  and  make  the  fact  corroborate  the  tradition 
of  the  old  man,  when  he  says  that  the  lowas  con- 
structed their  houses  by  leaning  poles  together  at  the 
top  and  spreading  them  at  the  foot,  forming  a  circular 
frame,  which  they  covered  with  earth.  In  one  of  these 
houses  a  man  or  woman  had  been  killed,  and  the  tim- 
bers of  the  house  fired,  which,  of  course,  would  let 
the  earth  fall  in  upon  the  dead  body  and  burning 
poles. 

Dr.  Williamson,  on  page  10  to  12,  of  the 
Minnesota  Historical  Collections  of  1856, 
says: 

We  think  it  is  sufficiently  manifest  that  the  Sioux 
occupied  the  better  part  of  Minnesota  when  Europeans 
entered  it,  a  little  after  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  It  does  not,  however,  appear  that  they  were 
the  first,  much  less  the  only  inhabitants  of  the  country. 
Their  common  and  most  reliable  traditions  inform  us, 
that  when  their  ancestors  first  came  to  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  the  lowas  —  whom  they  call  Ayuhba 
[Drowsy]  —  occupied  the  country  about  the  mouth 
of  the  Minnesota  river,  and  the  Shiens,  called  by  the 
Dakotas  Sha-i-ena,  sometimes  written  by  the  French 
Chaienne,  and  by  others  Shiene,  dwelt  higher  up  on 
the  same  river.  We  cannot  pretend  to  determine  with 
certainty  at  what  time  the  Sioux  first  came  to  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony ;  but  may  say,  with  confidence,  it 
was  a  long  time  ago,  probably  before  the  discovery  of 
America  by  Columbus.  One  of  the  best  informed  men 
concerning  their  traditions  that  I  have  met  with  among 
the  Dakotas,  who  has  been  dead  more  than  ten  years, 
when  questioned  on  this  point,  told  me,  that  they  sup- 


32  THE  lOWAY 

posed  it  to  be  at  least  equal  to  the  lifetime  of  four  old 
men,  who  should  live  one  after  the  other;  and  as  an 
example  of  an  old  man,  named  his  father,  who,  I  sup- 
pose, was  at  the  time  at  least  eighty  years  old,  [which 
would  make  the  time  three  hundred  years.] 

The  Winnebagoes,  Otoes,  and  Omahas,  have  been 
named  among  the  nations  driven  by  the  ancestors  of 
the  Dakotas  from  the  Minnesota  valley.  I  have  not 
found  any  evidence,  satisfactory  to  my  mind,  that  the 
Winnebagoes  ever  had  a  home  in  this  Territory  prior 
to  their  late  removal  into  it  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment. As  respects  the  Otoes  and  Omahas  it  seems 
not  improbable  that  they  were  reckoned  as  a  part  of 
the  Dakota  nation,  when  the  Sioux  first  hunted  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  for  some  time  after.  The 
Anthontantas,  mentioned  as  a  part  of  the  Nadouesiouz, 
by  Hennepin,  were  probably  the  same  people  as  the 
Otoctatas,  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  Ayavois, 
as  owners  of  the  country  about  Blue  Earth  river,  in 
the  fragment  of  Le  Sueur,  preserved  by  La  Harpe,  and 
again  some  further  on,  as  having  recently  left  their 
village  in  that  neighborhood,  and  settled  near  the 
Mahas  on  the  Missouri  river,  and  it  is  highly  probable 
that  the  Otoctatas  of  Le  Sueur,  are  the  same  people 
now  called  Ottoes  or  Otoes.  The  Mawhaws,  Shiens 
and  Schiannesse,  are  mentioned  by  Carver,  as  bands 
of  the  Naudowessiex  of  the  plains.  Thus  it  appears 
that  the  Shiens,  the  lowas,  the  Omahas  and  the  Ottoes, 
were  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Minnesota  of  whom  we 
have  any  written  or  certain  traditional  account.  I 
have  neither  seen  nor  heard  of  any  artificial  mounds, 
ancient  fortifications,  or  monuments  of  any  kind  in  or 
near  the  IMinnesota  valley,  which  might  not  have  been 
constructed  by  these  Indians.     Such  mounds  are  prob- 


THE  lOWAY  33 

ably  as  numerous  in  the  lower  part  of  the  valley  of 
the  Minnesota,  and  the  contiguous  part  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, as  anywhere  else  between  the  Alleghany  and 
Rocky  Mountains;  but  they  are  very  small,  compared 
with  those  near  the  Ohio,  not  to  speak  of  those  farther 
south.  Some  of  them  are  still  used  by  the  Dakotas, 
as  burying  places  for  their  dead,  and  in  this  way  are 
receiving  a  small  increase  almost  every  year.  The 
situation  of  many  others  indicates  that  they  had  a 
similar  origin. 

But  by  far  the  most  numerous  class  appear  from 
their  size  and  situation,  to  be  what  Dakota  tradition 
says  they  are,  the  remains  of  houses,  made  of  poles 
and  bark,  covered  with  earth,  such  as  were  a  few  years 
since,  and  probably  still  are,  the  habitations  of  the 
Mandans,  and  some  other  tribes  living  on  the  Mis- 
souri. .  .  Mounds  of  this  class  are  found  in  clusters, 
of  from  less  than  half  a  dozen  to  upwards  of  fifty, 
arranged  irregularly  as  we  find  the  bark  houses  of 
the  Indians  at  present.  Their  base  usually  approaches 
to  an  oval  form.  Their  length  is  from  ten  to  forty 
feet,  and  a  few  exceed  this,  with  a  height  of  from 
one  or  two  feet,  to  three  or  four.  Very  few  of  this 
class  exceed  four  feet;  though  some  of  those  used  for 
places  of  sepulture  are  more  than  twice  that  height. 
Back  of  them  we  find  the  land  level,  or  nearly  so,  dry 
and  fertile.  In  front  it  descends  towards  some  water, 
and  almost  always  there  is  a  lake  or  morass  in  sight, 
indicating  that  the  inhabitants  depended  for  a  sub- 
sistence partly  on  cultivating  the  earth,  and  partly  on 
water  fowl  or  roots,  which  they  obtained  from  wet 
swampy  land.  Several  clusters  of  such  mounds  may 
be  seen  about  Oak  Grove,  where  the  Dakotas  say  the 
lowas  lived,  when  their  ancestors  first  came  to  this 


34  THE  lOWAY 

country.  The  path  from  Mendota  to  Shakopee,  or 
Prairieville,  passes  through  several.  One  large  one, 
a  little  south  of  what  has  been  called  Black  Dog's  or 
Grey  Iron's  village,  where  the  low  as  are  said  to  have 
resided  after  they  were  driven  from  Oak  Grove.  An- 
other is  not  far  from  the  tamarack  swamp  below 
Shakopee.  Many  may  be  found  on  the  bluffs  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Lake  Pepin.  Such  mounds  are  very 
numerous  in  the  prairie  near  the  mouth  of  Cannon 
river. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  the  lowas,  whose 
language  shows  that  they  are  descended  from  the  same 
stock  as  the  Dakotas,  should  have  been  viewed  and 
treated  by  the  Dakotas  as  enemies.  While  the  Shiens, 
who  Gallatin  says  have  a  language  kindred  to  the 
Algonquin,  were  received  as  allies,  and  though  speak- 
ing a  different  language  were  long,  if  they  are  not  still 
counted  as  a  part  of  the  Dakota  nation.  Hence  their 
name,  Sha-i-e-na  in  the  Ihanktonwan  dialect,  being 
equivalent  to  Sha-i-api  in  the  Isanyati  [missionary 
special  alphabet  spelling]  ^^  both  applied  to  those  who 
speak  a  different  language  from  the  Dakotas,  and 
applied  especially  to  Shiens,  because  all  others  speak- 
ing a  different  language  were  counted  as  enemies.  It 
is  also  worthy  of  remark,  that  notwithstanding  the 
hostility  between  the  lowas  and  Sioux,  the  former, 
who  are  called  by  the  latter  Ayukba,  (they  sleep,  or 
''sleepy  ones"),  from  which  we  probably  got  Iowa, 
remain  much  nearer  their  original  location  than  the 
Shiens,  or  any  of  the  other  tribes,  who  dwelt  in  the 
Minnesota  valley  before  the  Dakotas. 

When  the  Dakotas  first  came  in  contact  with  the 


83  Foster's  interjection. 


THE  lOWAY  35 

Shiens,  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn,  farther  than  that 
the  Shiens  formerly  planted  on  the  Minnesota,  between 
Blue  Earth  and  Lac-qui-Parle,  whence  they  moved 
to  a  western  branch  of  Red  River  of  the  North,  which 
still  bears  their  name ;  being  called  by  the  Dakotas  who 
hunt  in  that  region,  Shai-e-na-wojupi,  ("the  place 
where  those  of  another  language  plant").  The  vari- 
ous spellings  of  this  name,  all  show  plainly  their  origin 
from  the  Dakota  name.  From  this  planting  place  on 
the  Chaienne,  or  Shienne  of  the  North,  this  people 
removed  across  the  Missouri,  where  they  gave  their 
name  to  another  river ;  and  having  ceased  to  cultivate 
the  soil,  it  is  said  they  now  hunt  on  the  head  waters 
of  the  Platte  and  of  the  Arkansas.  From  their  retir- 
ing so  rapidly,  it  is  probable  that  the  Shiens  had  not 
occupied  the  Minnesota  valley  long  before  the  arrival 
of  the  Dakotas,  and  that  the  first  inhabitants  of  it,  if 
not  the  lowas,  were  Otoes,  Omahas,  or  some  other 
family  of  the  Dakota  stock.  The  languages  of  the 
tribes  just  named,  as  well  as  of  the  Winnebagoes  and 
Osages,  are  so  similar  to  the  Dakota,  as  to  indicate  a 
common  origin.  In  the  languages  of  the  Mandans, 
i*\Iinetares  and  Crows  or  Upsarakas,  so  many  Dakota 
words  have  been  found,  as  to  render  it  highly  prob- 
able, that  they  also,  in  part  at  least,  belong  to  the 
same  stock.     .     . 

Various  circumstances,  .  .  .  indicate  that  the 
Sioux  resided  long  in  the  region  where  Hennepin  found 
them.  Many  of  them  suppose  that  they  originated 
there.  They  [the  modern  Sioux ],^*  have  a  tradition, 
however,  that  their  ancestors  came  thither  from  the 
Northeast,  where  they  had  resided  on  a  lake.     It  has 

84  Foster's  interjection. 


36  THE  lOWAY 

been  generally  supposed,  that  the  lake  referred  to  in 
this  tradition,  is  Rainy  lake,  or  Lake  of  the  Woods. 
It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  it  was  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  or  Hudson's  Bay,  or  some  of 
the  lakes  between  those  large  expanses  of  water.  The 
Ojibwas  have  a  tradition,  that  their  ancestors  drove 
the  Sioux  from  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

In  Schoolcraft's  Collections,  Volume 
III,  page  256,  there  is  presented  a  map 
drawn  by  the  loway  Missionaries,  the  Rev- 
erends Hamilton  and  Irvin,  from  the  rough 
draft  of  '^Waw-non-que-skoon-a,"  an 
loway  brave,  showing  the  successive  migra- 
tions of  the  tribe :  their  starting  point  being 
given  from  the  mouth  of  Rock  River  in  Illi- 
nois ;  which  last  named  river,  it  mav  be  ob- 
served,  answers  exactly  the  description  of 
the  one  on  which  was  the  ancient  or  first  resi- 
dence of  the  Tribe  mentioned  in  the  tradition 
before  given  as  being  *^a  river  w^hich  runs 
from  a  lake  to  the  Mississippi  from  the  east, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  that  river : ''  Rock  riv- 
er heading  as  is  well  known  in  the  ^^Four 
Lakes''  upon  the  banks  of  one  of  which  Mad- 
ison, the  capital  of  Wisconsin,  is  built,  and 
also  in  another.  Lake  Koshkonong;  which 
lakes,  however,  did  not  become  the  seat  of  the 
Winnebago  until  long  after  they  were  known 
to  the  whites.     The  letter-press  description 


THE  lOWAY  37 

of  this  map  of  the  ^'Migrations  of  the 
loway/'  Vol.  Ill,  at  page  257,  of  School- 
craft, we  here  copy,  with  additional  explana- 
tions, inserted  in  brackets : 

The  object  of  Waw-non-que-skoon-a  was  to  denote 
the  places  where  the  lowas  had  lived  during  the  six- 
teen migrations  which  preceded  their  residence  at  their 
present  location,  the  Missouri ;  and,  in  truth,  it  nearly 
exhausts  their  history.  The  marks  to  denote  a  fixed 
residence,  are  a  symbol  for  a  lodge.  These  are  care- 
fully preserved,  with  their  exact  relative  position. 
Their  order,  as  given,  is  also  preserved  by  figures. 
Could  eras  be  affixed  to  these  residences,  it  would  give 
entire  accuracy  to  the  modern  part  of  their  history. 

As  it  is,  it  depicts  some  curious  facts  in  the  history 
of  predatory  and  erratic  tribes,  showing  how  they 
sometimes  crossed  their  own  track,  and  demonstrates 
the  immense  distances  to  which  they  rove. 

The  earliest  date  to  which  their  recollection  extends, 
as  indicated  by  location  No.  1,  is  at  [or  near]  the 
junction  of  Rock  river  with  the  Mississippi.  This  was, 
manifestly,  in  or  very  near  Winnebago  territory,  and 
confirms  the  traditions  of  several  of  the  Missouri 
tribes  (vide  Fletcher's  paper),  [and  also  of  the  loway 
Indian  aged  "sixty  years  or  more"]-  From  this 
point  they  migrated  down  the  Mississippi  to  the  river 
Des  Moines,  and  fixed  themselves  at  No.  2,  on  its  south 
fork,  [eighty  miles  above  the  mouth].  They  next 
made  an  extraordinary  migration,  abandoning  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  all  its  upper  tributaries,  and  ascending 
the  Missouri  to  a  point  of  land  formed  by  a  small 
stream,  on  its  east  shore,  called  by  the  Indians  Fish 
creek,  which  flows  in  from  the  direction  of,  and  not 


38  THE  lOWAY 

far  from,  the  celebrated  Red  Pipe  stone  quarry,  on 
the  heights  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.     No.  3. 

They  next  descended  the  Missouri  to  the  junction  of 
the  Nebraska,  or  Great  Platte  river,  with  that  stream. 
No.  4.  They  settled  on  the  west  [or  right]  bank,  keep- 
ing the  buffalo  ranges  on  their  west.  They  next  mi- 
grated still  lower  down  the  Missouri,  and  [crossing 
to  its  left  side],  fixed  themselves  on  the  head-waters 
of  the  Little  Platte  river,  [not  far  from  Fort  Leaven- 
worth], No.  5. 

From  this  location,  when  circumstances  had  ren- 
dered another  change  desirable,  they  returned  to  the 
Mississippi,  and  located  themselves  at  the  mouth  of 
Salt  river.  No.  6.  Here  passed  another  period.  They 
next  ascended  the  Mississippi,  and  settled  on  its 
[''left"]  east  bank,  at  the  junction  of  a  stream  in  the 
present  area  of  Illinois,  [about  midway  between  the 
Des  Moines  and  the  loway].  No.  7.  Their  next  mi- 
gration carried  them  still  higher  on  that  shore,  [nearer 
the  mouth  of  the  loway]  to  the  junction  of  another 
stream,  No.  8,  which  is  well  nigh —  [within  fifty  or 
sixty  miles] ,  to  their  original  starting  point  at  No.  1. 

They  receded  again  to  the  south  and  west,  first  fixing 
themselves  on  Salt  river.  No.  9,  above  their  prior  site, 
No.  6,  and  afterwards  changing  their  location  to  its 
very  source,  [about  thirty  miles  higher].  No.  10. 
They  then  passed,  evidently  by  land,  [about  sixty 
miles  due  west] ,  to  the  higher  forks  of  the  river  Char- 
iton, of  Missouri,  No.  11,  and  next  descended  that 
stream  to  near  its  mouth.  No.  12.  The  next  two  mi- 
grations of  this  tribe  were  [about  thirty  miles]  to  the 
west  valley  of  the  Grand  river,  and  then  to  its  forks, 
[twenty-five  miles  from  them].  No.  14.  Still  contin- 
uing their  general  migrations  to  the  south  and  west, 


THE  lOWAY  39 

they  chose  the  east  bank  of  the  Missouri,  opposite  the 
present  site  of  Fort  Leavenworth,  No.  15,  and  finally 
settled  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri,  [on  their 
Reservation]  between  the  mouth  of  the  Wolf  and 
Great  Namahaw,  No.  16,  where  they  now  reside. ^^ 

These  migrations  are  deemed  to  be  all  of  quite  mod- 
em date,  not  excepting  the  probable  period  to  which 
well-known  tradition  could  reach.  They  do  not,  it 
would  seem,  aspire  to  the  area  of  their  ancient  resi- 
dence on  the  lower  and  upper  Iowa  rivers,  and  about 
the  region  of  St.  Anthony's  falls.®^ 

We  are  taught  something  by  these  migrations.  They 
were  probably  determined  by  the  facility  of  procuring 
food.  They  relied,  ever,  greatly  on  the  deer,  elk,  and 
buffalo.  As  these  species  are  subject  to  changes,  it  is 
probable  they  carried  the  Indians  with  them.^^  It  is 
not  probable  that  their  locations  were  of  long  continu- 
ance at  a  place.  Not  over  a  dozen  years  at  a  location, 
on  the  average.  It  might  be  longer  at  some  places, 
and  less  at  others.     This  would  not  give  a  period  of 

85  See  note  49. 

86  See  the  treaty  of  1824  (Appendix  B)  for  migration.  Maxi- 
milian says  that  ''the  loway  [Iowa]  dwelt  on  the  Grand  river 
till  1827,  when  they  removed  to  the  Little  Platte  river. ' '  Clark 's 
reprint  of  the  Travels,  Vol.  I,  p.  245.  Later  on  in  the  same 
volume,  he  writes  of  this  tribe :  ' '  On  the  northern  bank,  seven 
miles  up  that  [the  Little  Platte]  river,  are  the  villages  of  the 
loway  Indians.  .  ."  No  doubt  the  tribe  had  journeyed 
in  this  direction  after  the  troubles  of  the  Black  Hawk  War  in 
1832. 

87  See  Hornaday,  The  Extermination  of  the  American 
Bison,  1887,  and  Allen,  The  American  Bisons,  Living  and 
Extinct,  1876. 


40  THE  lOWAY 

more  than  180  years,  before  their  arrival  at  their  pres- 
ent place  .   .   .*® 

It  is  not  probable  that  the  game-pursuing  Indians 
were  more  fixed  in  their  ancient,  than  in  their  modem 
locations.  Indeed,  the  very  reverse  is  true;  for  the 
modern  hunter  tribes  avail  themselves  of  the  prox- 
imity of  military  posts,  and  out-settlements,  to  guard 
themselves  from  the  approaches  of  hostile  bands. 

The  population  of  the  lowas,  as  given  at  early  dates, 
is  very  uniform,  having  evidently  been  copied  by  one 
writer  from  another.  In  some  ancient  MS.  data  in  the 
Royal  Marine  Office,  at  Paris,  which  were  submitted 
to  the  inspection  of  the  American  Minister  (General 
Cass)  in  1842,  their  numbers  were  put  down,  for  about 
1730,  at  1100.  When  Colonel  Bouquet  marched  over 
the  Alleghanies  against  the  western  Indians,  in  1764, 
the  same  numbers  were  used.  Each  of  these  dates 
assigns  their  residence  to  the  Missouri,  and  there  had, 
evidently,  no  recent  information  been  received.  The 
French  alone  were  at  that  time  in  communication  with 
them,  and  their  alliance  with  the  western  Indians,  in 
this  war,  made  it  impracticable  to  obtain  further  data. 

By  the  official  returns  made  to  the  Indian 
Bureau,  in  1848,  they  are  stated  at  ^*a  frac- 
tion under  seven  hundred  and  fifty  souls," 
but  in  Sub-Agent  Vaughan's  report  in  the 
fall  of  the  same  year,  669  is  the  enumera- 
tion.'^   In  the  report  of  1844  their  census  is 

88  In  1876.  Marquette  found  them  in  1673  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Des  Moines  river.  This,  as  will  be  seen,  was  their  first  loca- 
tion. 

89  Eeport   of   Albert   J.   Vaughan,    sub-agent   of   the   Great 


THE  lOWAY  41 

stated  at  470.  In  1701/^  D 'Iberville  ^s  me- 
morial ^^  to  France  says  : 

the  Ayooues  and  the  Octootatas,  their  neighbors,  are 
about  300  families.     [In  M.  Chauvignerie 's  Report  ^- 

Nemaha  agency,  published  in  the  Kep.  of  the  Comm.  of  Ind. 
Affairs,  1849,  p.  143,  Washington,  1850,  Vaughan  says,  "Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  last  spring  payment  of  annuities,  the 
lowas  numbered  802,  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  128".  (Com- 
Tnunicated  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  F.  W.  Bodge,  Chief  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  American  Ethnology). 

90  This  should  be  1702.  —  Ed. 

91  The  Memorial  here  referred  to  is  in  manuscript  and  among 
the  archives  of  the  government,  at  Paris.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  documents  on  the  subject  of  early  nations  and  country 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  portions  of  it  have  been  transcribed  and 
translated  for  the  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  I,  p.  279,  1850- 
56  (reprint  1902).  The  full  title  of  the  work  is  as  follows: 
Memoriall  of  M.  d 'Iberville  upon  the  Country  of  the 
Mississippi,  the  Mobile  and  its  Environs,  Their  Eivers,  In- 
habitants AND  the  Commerce  which  could  be  Carried  on  in 
less  than  Five  or  Six  Years  in  Settling  it.  The  quotation 
by  Foster,  given  above,  has  been  proof  read  to  correspond  with 
the  translation  here  mentioned,  and  includes  only  the  line  pre- 
ceding the  brackets. 

92  This  enumeration  as  included  in  Schoolcraft 's  Indian 
Tribes,  has  been  variously  assigned  to  different  authorities. 
O'Callaghan  supposes  it  to  be  by  Joncaire,  but  Thwaites  proves 
otherwise,  as  Joncaire  was  on  the  Ohio  at  the  time  and  not  at 
Mackinac.  Schoolcraft  relies  on  the  note  which  he  says  was 
on  the  original  manuscript,  that  the  compilation  was  by  Chau- 
vignerie —  i.  e.,  Michel  Maray,  sieur  de  Chauvignerie,  an  in- 
terpreter employed  at  the  post  —  and  Thwaites  comes  to  the  final 
conclusion  that  it  was  done  by  Celeron,  the  Younger,  command- 
ant at  Mackinac  at  this  date,  and  particularly  well  acquainted 
with  the  Indian  tribes.     See  Wis.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  Vol.  XVII. 


42  THE  lOWAY 

of  the  Census  of  tribes,  made  to  the  French  govern- 
ment in  1736,  the  ''Ayouas"  are  put  down  at  80  war- 
riors]. 

In  the  report  of  the  Indian  Bureau  for 
1874,  the  loway  and  Otoe  together,  including 
some  Sauk  and  some  Missourie,  numbered 
864  persons. 

It  is  recorded,  that  there  were  ten  loway 
(^^Ayeouais'')  with  Montcahn  and  the 
French  Army  at  the  seige  of  Ticonderoga 
in  July,  1757,  and  also  48  Winnebago  (^'Pu- 
ants") — De  Tailly  being  their  joint  Inter- 
preter. 

According  to  Lieutenant  Zebulon  M.  Pike's 
report  of  1806,^'  the  ^^Aiowais''  were  called 
by  the  French,  colloquially,  ^'Ne  Perce^^-^ 
which  was  probably  "Nez  Perce,^'*  Pierced 
or  Perforated  Noses :  ^*  the  first  syllable  of 
Pahutchae,  their  own  tribal  name,  being 
translated  nose^  which  in  some  word-rela- 
tions would  be  correct;  while  probably  the 
last  two  syllables  —  ru'tchse  —  were  deemed 
to  be  in  the  sense  of  Keru'tchae,  a  word  sig- 
nifying to  divide  or  part.  This  was  a  near 
enough  translation  for  the  early  French 
traders,  who  were  not  particular. 

93"i806  —  should  be  1810. 

9*  In  Thwaites,  Original  Journals  of  Lewis  and  Clark, 
Vol.  VI,  p.  91,  a  reference  is  made  to  the  ''Ne  persa"  (i.  e., 
Nez  Perces;)  and  this  is  given  as  a  trader's  nickname. 


MA-HAS-KAII.  TUF-  VOUXC.KR 


APPENDICES 


APPENDIX  A 

THE  lOAVA  CAMPING  CIRCLE 

The  camping  circle  among  the  Iowa  was  usually 
divided  into  two  half  circles,  each  occupied  by  two 
phratries  of  four  gentes  each.  These  regulated  the 
hunt  and  numerous  other  tribal  affairs  during  the  four 
seasons,  the  first  phratry  taking  the  lead  during  Au- 
tumn and  Winter ;  the  second  during  Spring  and  Sum- 
mer. 

The  list  which  follows  was  prepared  in  part  by  Rev. 
William  Hamilton  about  1880  and  before  his  death 
communicated  to  the  late  J.  0.  Dorsey,  who  added  a 
considerable  number  of  gentes  and  subgentes,  some 
further  assistance  being  obtained  through  the  aid  of  a 
delegation  of  Iowa  while  on  a  visit  to  Washington. 

FIEST  PHEATEY 


GENTES 


SUBGENTES 


1.  Tu'-nan-p'in,  Black  Bear. 
Tohin  and  Qij^re  wonane 
were  chiefs  of  this  gens 
in  1880.  Tohin  kept  the 
sacred  pipe. 


1.  Ta'-po-§ka,    a    large    black 

bear,  with  a  white  spot  on 
the  chest. 

2.  Piin'-xa   qka,   a  black   bear 

with  a  red  nose;  literally, 
Nose  White. 

3.  Miin-tci'-nye,    Young    black 

bear,  a  short  black  bear. 

4.  Ki'-re-ko6'-qo-toe,    a   small 

reddish  black  bear,  moth- 
erless; it  has  little  hair 
and  runs  swiftly. 


46 


APPENDIX  A 


2.  Mi-tci'-ra-tce,   Wolf 

Ma'-hin   was   a    chief 
this  gens. 


of 


3.  Tce'-xi-ta,  Eagle  and  Thund- 
er —  being  gens. 


4.  Qo'-ta-tci,  Elk;  now  extinct. 
The  Elk  gens  furnished 
the  soldiers  or  policemen. 


Pa'-q^a,  Beaver.  Probably 
the  archaic  name,  as  beav- 
er is  now  ra-we.  The  sur- 
vivors of  this  gens  have 
joined  the  Pa-§a  or  Beav- 
er gens  of  the  Oto  tribe. 


1.  Ciin'-tan  Qka,  White-wolf. 

2.  Cun'-tan  ge-we,  Black-wolf. 

3.  Cun'-tan  qo'-iDe,  Gray- Wolf. 

4.  Ma-nyi'-ka-q^i',  Ck)yote. 

1.  Na'tci-tce',   i.   e.,   Qra'-qtci, 

Real  or  Golden  eagle. 

2.  Qra'hun'-e,     Ancestral      or 

Grey  eagle. 

3.  Qra'5[re'-ye,  Spotted-eagle. 

4.  Qra  pa  can^  Bald-eagle. 

1.  Un'-pe-xa  qan'-ye,  Big-elk. 

2.  IJn'-pe-xa  yin'-c,  Young-elk 

(?). 

3.  XJn'-pe-xa    5re'-^5e     yin'-e, 

Elk-some- what-long. 

4.  Ho'-ma    yin'-e,    Young    elk 

(?).  The  difference  be- 
tween TJnpexa  and  Homa 
is  unknown.  The  former 
may  be  the  archaic  name 
for  ''elk." 

1.  Ra-we'  qan'  ye.  Big-beaver. 

2.  Ra-5ro'-i5e,     meaning     un- 

known. 

3.  Ra-we'   yin'-e,  Young-beav- 

er. 

4.  M'wan-ci'-ke,  Water  person. 


SECOND  PHRATRY 


6.  Ru'-tce,  Pigeon, 


7.  A'-ru-qwa,  Buffalo. 


8.  Wa-kan',  Snake.    An  extinct 


1.  Min-ke'  qan'-ye,  Big-racoon. 

2.  Min-ke'     yin'-e,     Young-ra- 

coon. 

3.  Ru'-tce    yin'-e,    Young-pig- 

eon. 

4.  Co'-ke,  Prairie-chicken, 

grouse. 

1.  Tee- 1  o' qan'-ye.  Big-buff alo- 

bull. 

2.  Tce-jo'  yin'-e,  Young-buffa- 

lo-bull. 

3.  Tee  p'o'-eke  yin'-e,  Young- 

buffalo-bull  -  that  -  is  -  dis- 
tended (?). 

4.  Tee  yin'-e,  Buffalo-calf. 

1.  Wa-kan'5i,  Yellow-snake,  i. 
e.,  rattlesnake. 


APPENDIX  A 


47 


9.  Man'-ko-ke,  Owl.     Extinct. 


2.  Wa-kan'-qtci,  Real  -  snake 
(named  after  a  species 
shorter    than    the    rattle- 


3.  Ce'-ke     yin'-e,      Small      or 

young   ceke,    the   copper- 
head snake   (?). 

4.  Wa-kan' qo'-pe,  Gray-snake 

(a  long  snake,  which  the 
Omaha    call    swift    blue 
snake). 
The   names   of   the    subgentes 
have  been  forgotten. 


APPENDIX  B 

TREATIES  BETWEEN  THE   IOWA  AND  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  1815-1861 

(For  further  reference  to  treaties  with  complete 
amendments  thereto  see  Laws  and  Treaties,  by 
Charles  J.  Kappler,  2  vols.  Washington,  1903.  The 
early  texts  of  some  of  the  first  peace  negotiations 
previous  to  the  publication  date,  can  be  found  in  the 
volumes  of  The  American  State  Papers,  edited  by 
Walter  Lowrie  and  Matthew  St.  C.  Clarke,  Indian 
Affairs,  2  vols.  Washington,  1832.  See  also  Royce, 
Cessions  of  Land  by  Indian  Tribes  to  the  United 
States,  in  Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  vol.  1,  1881,  and  the  same 
author's  Indian  Land  Cessions  in  the  United  States, 
Rep.  B.  A.  E.,  1889). 

TREATY  WITH  THE  lOWAS,  [SEPTEMBER  16,] 

1815 

A  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship,  made  and  concluded 
at  Portage  des  Sioux,  between  William  Clark,  Nin- 
ian  Edwards,  and  August e  Chouteau,  Commission- 
ers Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
on  the  part  and  behalf  of  the  said  States,  of  the  one 
part;  and  the  undersigned.  King,  Chiefs,  and  War- 
riors, of  the  I  away  Tribe  or  Nation,  on  the  part  and 
behalf  of  the  said  Tribe  or  Nation,  of  the  other  part. 
The  parties  being  desirous  of  re-establishing  peace 

and  friendship  between  the  United  States  and  the  said 

tribe  or  nation,  and  of  being  placed  in  all  things,  and 


50  APPENDIX  B 

in  every  respect,  on  the  same  footing  upon  which 
they  stood  before  the  war,  have  agreed  to  the  following 
articles : 

Article  1 

Every  injury,  or  act  of  hostility,  by  one  or  either 
of  the  contracting  parties  against  the  other  shall  be 
mutually  forgiven  and  forgot. 

Article  2 

There  shall  be  perpetual  peace  and  friendship  be- 
tween all  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  all 
the  individuals  composing  the  said  laway  tribe  or 
nation. 

Article  3 

The  contracting  parties  do  hereby  agree,  promise, 
and  oblige  themselves,  reciprocally  to  deliver  up  all 
the  prisoners  now  in  their  hands,  (by  what  means  so- 
ever the  same  may  have  come  into  their  possession,) 
to  the  officer  commanding  at  St.  Louis,  to  be  by  him 
restored  to  their  respective  nations,  as  soon  as  it  may 
be  practicable. 

Article  4 

The  contracting  parties,  in  the  sincerity  of  mutual 
friendship,  recognize,  re-establish,  and  confirm,  all 
and  every  treaty,  contract,  and  agreement,  heretofore 
concluded  between  the  United  States  and  the  said 
laway  tribe  or  nation. 

TREATY  WITH  THE  10 WAYS  [AUG.  4,]  1824 

Articles  of  a  treaty  made  and  concluded  at  the  city 
of  Washington,  on  the  4th  day  of  August,  1824^ 
between  William  Clark,  Superintendent  of  Indian 


APPENDIX  B  51 

Affairs,  being  specially  authorized  by  the  President 
of  the  United  States  thereto,  and  the  undersigned 
chiefs  and  headmen  of  the  loway  tribe  or  nation, 
duly  authorized  and  empowered  by  the  said  nation. 
Article  I.  The  loway  tribe  or  nation  of  Indians, 
by  their  deputies,  Mah-hos-kah,  (or  White  Cloud,) 
and  Mah-ne-hah-nah,  (or  Great  Walker,)  in  council 
assembled,  do  hereby  agree,  in  consideration  of  a  cer- 
tain sum  of  money,  etc.,  to  be  paid  to  the  said  loway 
tribe  by  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  as  here- 
inafter stipulated,  to  cede  and  forever  quit  claim,  and 
do,  in  behalf  of  their  said  tribe,  hereby  cede,  relin- 
quish, and  forever  quit  claim,  unto  the  United  States, 
all  right,  title,  interest,  and  claim  to  the  lands  which 
the  said  loway  tribe  have  or  claim  within  the  State 
of  Missouri,  and  situated  between  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  rivers^  and  a  line  running  from  the  Missouri, 
at  the  mouth  or  entrance  of  Kanzas  river,  north  one 
hundred  miles,  to  the  northwest  corner  of  the  limits 
of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  from  thence  east  to  the 
Mississippi. 

Article  II.  It  is  hereby  stipulated  and  agreed,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  as  a  full  compensation 
for  the  claims  and  lands  ceded  by  the  loway  tribe  in 
the  preceding  article,  there  shall  be  paid  to  the  said 
loway  tribe,  within  the  present  year,  in  cash  or  mer- 
chandise, the  amount  of  five  hundred  dollars ;  and  the 
United  States  do  further  agree  to  pay  to  the  said 
loway  tribe  five  hundred  dollars  annually,  for  the 
term  of  ten  succeeding  years. 

Article  III.  The  chiefs  and  headmen,  who  sign 
this  treaty,  for  themselves,  and  in  behalf  of  their 
tribe,  do  acknowledge  the  lands  east  and  south  of  the 
lines  described  in  the  first  article,  (which  have  been 


52  APPENDIX  B 

run  and  marked  by  Col.  Sullivan,)  so  far  as  the  In- 
dians claimed  the  same,  to  belong  to  the  United  States ; 
and  that  none  of  their  tribe  shall  be  permitted  to 
settle  or  hunt  upon  any  part  of  it,  after  the  first  day 
of  January,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty- 
six,  without  special  permission  from  the  superintend- 
ent of  Indian  affairs. 

Article  IV.  The  undersigned  chiefs,  for  them- 
selves, and  all  parts  of  the  loway  tribe,  do  acknowledge 
themselves  and  the  said  loway  tribe  to  be  under  the 
protection  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  of  no 
other  sovereign  whatsoever;  and  they  also  stipulate 
that  the  said  loway  tribe  will  not  hold  any  treaty 
with  any  foreign  Powers,  individual  State,  or  with 
individuals  of  any  State. 

Article  V.  The  United  States  engage  to  provide 
and  support  a  blacksmith  for  the  loway  tribe,  so 
long  as  the  President  of  the  United  States  may  think 
proper,  and  to  furnish  the  said  tribe  with  such  farm- 
ing utensils  and  cattle,  and  to  employ  such  persons  to 
aid  them  in  their  agriculture,  as  the  President  may 
deem  expedient. 

Article  VI.  The  annuities  stipulated  to  be  paid 
by  the  second  article,  to  be  paid  either  in  money,  mer- 
chandise, provisions,  or  domsetic  animals,  at  the  op- 
tion of  the  aforesaid  tribe;  and  when  the  said  annui- 
ties, or  any  part  thereof,  is  paid  in  merchandise,  it 
is  to  be  delivered  to  them  at  the  first  cost  of  the  goods 
at  St.  Louis,  free  from  cost  of  transportation. 

Article  VII.  This  treaty  shall  take  effect,  and  be 
obligatory  on  the  contracting  parties,  so  soon  as  the 
same  shall  be  ratified  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  by  and  with  the  advise  and  consent  of  the 
Senate  thereof. 


APPENDIX  B  53 

In  testimony  whereof ,  the  said  William  Clark,  Com- 
missioner as  aforesaid,  and  the  chiefs  and  headmen  of 
the  loway  tribe  of  Indians,  as  aforesaid,  have  here- 
unto set  their  hands,  the  day  and  year  first  before 
written. 

Wm.  Clark. 

(Signed,  also,  by  the  chiefs  and  headmen  of  the 
loway  tribe.) 

TREATY  WITH  THE  SIOUX,  ETC.,  AUG.  19,  1825 

Treaty  with  the  Sioux  and  Chippewa,  Sacs  and  Fox, 
Menominie,  loway,  Sioux,  Winnebago,  and  a  portion 
of  the  Ottawa,  Chippewa,  and  Potawattomie,  Tribes. 
The  United  States  of  America  have  seen  with  much 
regret,  that  wars  have  for  many  years  been  carried  on 
between  the  Sioux  and  the  Chippewas,  and  more  re- 
cently between  the  confederated  tribes  of  Sacs  and 
Poxes,  and  the  Sioux;  and  also  between  the  loways 
and  Sioux;  which,  if  not  terminated,  may  extend  to 
the  other  tribes,  and  involve  the  Indians  upon  the 
Missouri,  the  Mississippi,  and  the  Lakes,  in  general 
hostilities.  In  order,  therefore,  to  promote  peace 
among  these  tribes,  and  to  establish  boundaries  among 
them  and  the  other  tribes  who  live  in  their  vicinity, 
and  thereby  to  remove  all  causes  of  future  difficulty, 
the  United  States  have  invited  the  Chippewa,  Sac, 
and  Fox,  Menominie,  loway,  Sioux,  Winnebago,  and 
a  portion  of  the  Ottowa,  Chippewa,  and  Potawatomie 
Tribes  of  Indians  living  upon  the  Illinois,  to  assemble 
together,  and  in  a  spirit  of  mutual  conciliation  to  ac- 
complish these  objects;  and  to  aid  therein,  have  ap- 
pointed William  Clark  and  Lewis  Cass,  Commissioners 
on  their  part,  who  have  met  the  Chiefs,  Warriors, 


54  APPENDIX  B 

and  Representatives  of  the  said  tribes,  and  portions 
of  tribes,  at  Prairie  des  Chiens,  in  the  Territory  of 
Michigan,  and  after  full  deliberation,  the  said  tribes, 
and  portions  of  tribes,  have  agreed  with  the  United 
States,  and  with  one  another,  upon  the  following  arti- 
cles: 

Article  I 

There  shall  be  a  firm  and  perpetual  peace  between 
the  Sioux  and  Chippewas ;  between  the  Sioux  and  the 
confederated  tribes  of  Sacs  and  Foxes;  and  between 
the  loways  and  the  Sioux. 

*  *     * 

Article  III 

The  loways  accede  to  the  arrangement  between  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  the  Sioux;  but  it  is  agreed  be- 
tween the  loways  and  the  confederated  tribes  of  the 
Sacs  and  Foxes,  that  the  loways  have  a  just  claim  to 
a  portion  of  the  country  between  the  boundary  line 
described  in  the  next  preceding  article,  and  the  Mis- 
souri and  Mississippi;  and  that  the  said  loways,  and 
Sacs  and  Foxes,  shall  peaceably  occupy  the  same,  un- 
til some  satisfactory  arrangement  can  be  made  be- 
tween them  for  a  division  of  their  respective  claims 

to  country. 

*  #     * 

Article  XI 

The  United  States  agree,  w^henever  the  President 
may  think  it  necessary  and  proper,  to  convene  such 
of  the  tribes,  either  separately  or  together,  as  are  in- 
terested in  the  lines  left  unsettled  herein,  and  to  rec- 
ommend to  them  an  amicable  and  final  adjustment  of 
their  respective  claims,  so  that  the  work,  now  hap- 


APPENDIX  B  55 

pily  begun,  may  be  consummated.  It  is  agreed,  how- 
ever, that  a  Council  shall  be  held  with  the  Yancton 
band  of  the  Sioux,  during  the  year  1826,  to  explain 
to  them  the  stipulations  of  this  treaty,  and  to  procure 
their  assent  thereto,  should  they  be  disposed  to  give  it, 
and  also  with  the  Ottoes,  to  settle  and  adjust  their 
title  to  any  of  the  country  claimed  by  the  Sacs,  Foxes, 

and  loways. 

*     #     * 

Article  XIII 

It  is  understood  by  all  the  tribes,  parties  hereto,  that 
no  tribe  shall  hunt  within  the  acknowledged  limits  of 
any  other  without  their  assent,  but  it  being  the  sole 
object  of  this  arrangement  to  perpetuate  a  peace 
among  them,  and  amicable  relations  being  now  re- 
stored, the  Chiefs  of  all  the  tribes  have  expressed  a 
determination,  cheerfully  to  allow  a  reciprocal  right 
of  hunting  on  the  lands  of  one  another,  permission 
being  first  asked  and  obtained,  as  before  provided  for. 

Article  XIV 

Should  any  causes  of  difficulty  hereafter  unhappily 
arise  between  any  of  the  tribes,  parties  hereunto,  it 
is  agreed  that  the  other  tribes  shall  interpose  their 
good  offices  to  remove  such  difficulties;  and  also  that 
the  government  of  the  United  States  may  take  such 
measures  as  they  may  deem  proper,  to  effect  the  same 
object. 

Article  XV 

This  treaty  shall  be  obligatory  on  the  tribes,  parties 
hereto,  from  and  after  the  date  hereof,  and  on  the 
United  States,  from  and  after  its  ratification  by  the 
government  thereof. 


56  APPENDIX  B 

TREATY  WITH  THE  SACS  AND  FOXES,  ETC., 
JULY  15,  1830.«^ 

[At  Prairie  du  Chien] 

Articles  of  a  treaty  made  and  concluded  hy  William 
Clark,  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  and  Wil- 
loughhy  Morgan,  Col.  of  the  United  States  1st  Regt. 
Infantry,  Commissioners  on  behalf  of  the  United 
States  on  the  one  part,  and  the  undersigned  Deputa- 
tions of  the  Confederated  Tribes  of  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes;  the  Medawah-Kanton,  Wahpacoota,  Wahpe- 
ton  and  Sissetong  Bands  or  Tribes  of  Sioux;  the 
Omahas,  loways,  Ottoes  and  Missourias  on  the  other 

part. 

*     *     * 

Article  IV 
In  consideration  of  the  cessions  and  relinquish- 
ments made  in  the  first,  second,  and  third  articles  of 
this  Treaty,  the  United  States  agree  to  pay  to  the 
Sacs,  three  thousand  dollars,  —  and  to  the  Foxes  three 
thousand  dollars ;  To  the  Sioux  of  the  Mississippi  two 
thousand  dollars ;  —  To  the  Yancton  and  Santie  Bands 
of  Sioux  three  thousand  dollars ;  —  To  the  Omahas, 
two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars ;  —  To  the  loways 
two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars ;  —  To  the  Ottoes 
and  Missourias  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  and 
to  the  Sacs  of  the  Missouri  River  five  hundred  dol- 
lars; to  be  paid  annually  for  ten  successive  years  at 
such  place,  or  places  on  the  Mississippi  or  Missouri,  as 
may  be  most  convenient  to  said  Tribes,  either  in  money, 
merchandise,   or  domestic  animals,  at  their  option; 

95  A    portion    of    this    treaty   is    included    in    Maximilian's 
Travels,  Vol.  Ill,  pg.  315  et  seq.  —  Clark's  reprint. 


APPENDIX  B  57 

and  when  said  annuities  or  any  portion  of  them  shall 
be  paid  in  merchandise,  the  same  is  to  be  delivered  to 
them  at  the  first  cost  of  the  goods  at  St.  Louis  free  of 
transportation.  And  the  United  States  further  agree 
to  make  to  the  said  tribes  and  Bands,  the  following 
allowances  for  the  period  of  ten  years,  and  as  long 
thereafter  as  the  President  of  the  United  States  may 
think  necessary  and  proper,  in  addition  to  the  sums 
herein  before  stipulated  to  be  paid  them;  that  is  to 
say ;  To  the  Bands  of  the  Sioux  mentioned  in  the  third 
article,  one  Blacksmith  at  the  expense  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  necessary  tools;  also  instruments  for 
agricultural  purposes,  and  iron  and  steel  to  the  amount 
of  seven  hundred  dollars ; — To  the  Yancton  and  Santie 
Bands  of  Sioux,  one  Blacksmith  at  the  expense  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  necessary  tools,  also  instru- 
ments for  agricultural  purposes  to  the  amount  of  four 
hundred  dollars ;  —  To  the  Omahas  one  Blacksmith  at 
the  expense  of  the  United  States,  and  the  necessary 
tools,  also  instruments  for  agricultural  purposes  to  the 
amount  of  five  hundred  dollars ;  —  To  the  loways  an 
assistant  Blacksmith  at  the  expense  of  the  United 
States,  also  instruments  for  agricultural  purposes  to  the 
amount  of  six  hundred  dollars ;  To  the  Ottoes  and  Mis- 
sourias  one  Blacksmith  at  the  expense  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  necessary  tools,  also  instruments  for 
agricultural  purposes  to  the  amount  of  five  hundred 
dollars;  and  to  the  Sacs  of  the  Missouri  River,  one 
Blacksmith  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States  and  the 
necessary  tools ;  also  instruments  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses to  the  amount  of  two  hundred  dollars. 


58  APPENDIX  B 

Article  X 

The  Omahas,  loways  and  Ottoes,  for  themselves, 
and  in  behalf  of  the  Yancton  and  Santie  Bands  of 
Sioux,  having  earnestly  requested  that  they  might  be 
permitted  to  make  some  provision  for  their  half-breeds, 
and  particularly  that  they  might  bestow  upon  them 
the  tract  of  country  within  the  following  limits,  to- 
wit;  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Ne-mohaw 
River,  and  running  up  the  main  channel  of  said  River 
to  a  point  which  will  be  ten  miles  from  its  mouth  in  a 
direct  line ;  from  thence  in  a  direct  line,  to  strike  the 
Grand  Ne-mohaw  ten  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  a  direct 
line  (the  distance  between  the  two  Ne-mohaws  being 
about  twenty  miles)  —  thence  down  said  River  to  its 
mouth ;  thence  up,  and  with  the  Meanders  of  the  IVIis- 
souri  River  to  the  point  of  beginning,  it  is  agreed  that 
the  half-breeds  of  said  Tribes  and  Bands  may  be  suf- 
fered to  occupy  said  tract  of  land;  holding  it  in  the 
same  manner,  and  by  the  same  title  that  other  Indian 
titles  are  held :  but  the  President  of  the  United  States 
may  hereafter  assign  to  any  of  the  said  half-breeds,  to 
be  held  by  him  or  them  in  fee  simple,  any  portion  of 
said  tract  not  exceeding  a  section,  of  six  hundred  and 
forty  acres  to  each  individual.  And  this  provision 
shall  extend  to  the  cession  made  by  the  Sioux  in  the 
preceding  Article. 

Article  XI 

The  reservation  of  land  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
Article  having  belonged  to  the  Ottoes,  and  having 
been  exclusively  ceded  by  them;  it  is  agreed  that  the 
Omahas,  the  loways  and  the  Yanckton  and  Santie 
Bands  of  Sioux  shall  pay  out  of  their  annuities  to  the 
said  Ottoe  Tribe,  for  the  period  of  ten  years.  Three 
hundred  Dollars  annually;  of  which  sum  the  Oma- 


APPENDIX  B  59 

has  shall  pay  one  hundred  Dollars,  the  loways  one 
hundred  Dollars,  and  the  Yanckton  and  Santie  Bands 
one  hundred  dollars. 

TREATY  WITH  THE  IOWA,  ETC.,  SEPT.  17, 1836 

Articles  of  a  treaty,  made  and  concluded  at  Fort  Leav- 
enworth, on  the  Missouri  river,  between  William 
Clark,  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  on  the  part 
of  the  United  States,  of  the  one  part,  and  the  un- 
dersigned chiefs,  warriors,  and  counsellors  of  the 
loway  tribe  and  the  band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes  of  the 
Missouri,  (residing  west  of  the  State  of  Missouri,) 
in  behalf  of  their  respective  tribes,  of  the  other  part. 

Article  1 

By  the  first  article  of  the  treaty  of  Prairie  du  Chien, 
held  the  fifteenth  day  of  July  eighteen  hundred  and 
thirty,  with  the  confederated  tribes  of  Sacks,  Foxes, 
loways,  Omahaws,  Missourias,  Ottoes,  and  Sioux,  the 
country  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  that  treaty,  is 
to  be  assigned  and  allotted  under  the  direction  of  the 
President  of  the  United  States  to  the  tribes  living 
thereon,  or  to  such  other  tribes  as  the  President  may 
locate  thereon  for  hunting  and  other  purposes. — And 
whereas  it  is  further  represented  to  us  the  chiefs,  war- 
riors, and  counsellors  of  the  loways  and  Sack  and  Fox 
band  aforesaid,  to  be  desirable  that  the  lands  lying 
between  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  Missouri  river, 
should  be  attached  to  and  become  a  part  of  said  State, 
and  the  Indian  title  thereto,  be  entirely  extinguished ; 
but  that,  notwithstanding,  as  these  lands  compose  a 
part  of  the  country  embraced  by  the  provisions  of  said 
first  article  of  the  treaty  aforesaid,  the  stipulations 


60  APPENDIX  B 

thereof  will  be  strictly  observed  until  the  assent  of  the 
Indians  interested  is  given  to  the  proposed  measures. 

Now  we  the  chiefs,  warriors,  and  counsellors  of  the 
loways,  and  ]\Iissouri  band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes,  fully 
understanding  the  subject,  and  well  satisfied  from  the 
local  position  of  the  lands  in  question,  that  they  never 
can  be  made  available  for  Indian  purposes,  and  that  an 
attempt  to  place  an  Indian  population  on  them,  must 
inevitably  lead  to  collisions  with  the  citizens  of  the 
United  States ;  and  further  believing  that  the  extension 
of  the  State  line  in  the  direction  indicated  would  have 
a  happy  effect,  by  presenting  a  natural  boundary  be- 
tween the  whites  and  Indians;  and  willing,  moreover, 
to  give  the  United  States  a  renewed  evidence  of  our 
attachment  and  friendship,  do  hereby  for  ourselves, 
and  on  behalf  of  our  respective  tribes,  (having  full 
power  and  authority  to  this  effect,)  forever  cede,  re- 
linquish, and  quit  claim,  to  the  United  States,  all  our 
right,  title,  and  interest  of  whatsoever  nature  in,  and 
to,  the  lands  lying  between  the  State  of  Missouri  and 
the  Missouri  river;  and  do  freely  and  fully  exonerate 
the  United  States  from  any  guarantee;  condition  or 
limitation,  expressed  or  implied,  under  the  treaty  of 
Prairie  du  Chien  aforesaid,  or  otherwise,  as  to  the 
entire  and  absolute  disposition  of  the  said  lands,  fully 
authorizing  the  United  States  to  do  with  the  same 
whatever  shall  seem  expedient  or  necessary. 

As  a  proof  of  the  continued  friendship  and  liberal- 
ity of  the  United  States  towards  the  loways  and  band 
of  Sacks  and  Foxes  of  the  Missouri,  and  as  an  evidence 
of  the  sense  entertained  for  the  good  will  manifested 
by  said  tribes  to  the  citizens  and  Government  of  the 
United  States,  as  evinced  in  the  preceding  cession  or 


APPENDIX  B  61 

relinquishment,  the  undersigned,  William  Clark,  agrees 
on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  to  pay  as  a  present  to 
the  said  loways  and  band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes,  seven 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  in  money,  the  receipt 
of  which  they  hereby  acknowledge. 

Article  2 

As  the  said  tribes  of  loways  and  Sacks  and  Foxes, 
have  applied  for  a  small  piece  of  land,  south  of  the 
Missouri,  for  a  permanent  home,  on  which  they  can 
settle,  and  request  the  assistance  of  the  Government 
of  the  United  States  to  place  them  on  this  land,  in  a 
situation  at  least  equal  to  that  they  now  enjoy  on  the 
land  ceded  by  them :  Therefore  I,  William  Clark,  Su- 
perintendent of  Indian  Affairs,  do  further  agree  on 
behalf  of  the  United  States,  to  assign  to  the  loway  tribe, 
and  Missouri  band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes,  the  small  strip 
of  land  on  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri  river,  lying 
between  the  Kickapoo  northern  boundary  line  and  the 
Grand  Nemahar  river,  and  extending  from  the  Mis- 
souri back  and  westwardly  with  the  said  Kickapoo  line 
and  the  Grand  Nemahar,  making  four  hundred  sec- 
tions ;  to  be  divided  between  the  said  loways  and  Mis- 
souri band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes,  the  lower  half  to  the 
Sacks  and  Foxes,  and  the  upper  half  to  the  loways. 

Article  3 

The  loways  and  Missouri  band  of  Sacks  and  Foxes 
further  agree,  that  they  will  move  and  settle  on  the 
lands  assigned  them  in  the  above  article,  as  soon  as 
arrangements  can  be  made  by  them;  and  the  under- 
signed William  Clark,  in  behalf  of  the  United  States, 
agrees,  that  as  soon  as  the  above  tribes  have  selected 


62  APPENDIX  B 

a  site  for  their  villages,  and  places  for  their 
fields,  and  moved  to  them,  to  erect  for  the 
loways  five  comfortable  houses,  to  enclose  and  break 
up  for  them  two  hundred  acres  of  ground ;  to  furnish 
them  with  a  farmer,  a  blacksmith,  schoolmaster,  and 
interpreter,  as  long  as  the  President  of  the  United 
States  may  deem  proper;  to  furnish  them  such, 
agricultural  implements  as  may  be  necessary,  for 
five  years;  to  furnish  them  with  rations  for 
one  year,  commencing  at  the  time  of  their  arrival 
at  their  new  homes;  to  furnish  them  with, one  ferry- 
boat; to  furnish  them  with  one  hundred  cows  and 
calves  and  five  bulls,  and  one  hundred  stock  hogs  when 
they  require  them;  to  furnish  them  with  a  mill  and 
assist  in  removing  them,  to  the  extent  of  five  hundred 
dollars.  And  to  erect  for  the  Sacks  and  Foxes  three 
comfortable  houses ;  to  enclose  and  break  up  for  them 
two  hundred  acres  of  ground ;  to  furnish  them,  with  a 
farmer,  blacksmith,  schoolmaster,  and  interpreter,  as 
long  as  the  President  of  the  United  States  may  deem 
proper ;  to  furnish  them  with  such  agricultural  imple- 
ments as  may  be  necessary,  for  five  years;  to  furnish 
them  with  rations  for  one  year,  commencing  at  the  time 
of  their  arrival  at  their  new  home;  to  furnish  them 
with  one  ferry-boat;  to  furnish  them  with  one  hundred 
cows  and  calves  and  five  bulls,  one  hundred  stock  hogs 
when  they  require  them ;  to  furnish  them  with  a  mill ; 
and  to  assist  in  moving  them,  to  the  extent  of  four 
hundred  dollars. 

Article  4 
This  treaty  shall  be  obligatory  on  the  tribes,  parties 
hereto,  from  and  after  the  date  hereof,  and  on  the 
United  States  from  and  after  its  ratification  by  the 
Government  thereof. 


APPENDIX  B  63 

TREATY  WITH  THE  IOWA,  NOV.  23,  1837 

Articles  of  a  treaty  made  at  the  city  of  Saint  Louis, 
between  Joshua  Pilcher,  thereto  specially  authorized 
hy  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  the  loway 
Indians,  hy  their  chiefs  and  delegates. 

Article  1st 

The  loway  Indians  cede  to  the  United  States  all  the 
right  and  interest  in  the  land  ceded  by  the  treaty,  con- 
cluded with  them  and  other  tribes  on  the  15th  of  July 
1830,  which  they  might  be  entitled  to  claim,  by  virtue 
of  the  phraseology  employed  in  the  second  article  of 
said  treaty. 

Article  2d 

In  consideration  of  the  cession  contained  in  the  pre- 
ceding article,  the  United  States  stipulate  to  pay  them 
two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  ($2,500)  in  horses, 
goods  and  presents,  upon  their  signing  this  treaty 
in  the  city  of  Saint  Louis. 

Article  3d 

The  expenses  of  this  negotiation  and  of  the  chiefs 
and  delegates  signing  this  treaty  to  the  city  of  Wash- 
ington and  to  their  homes  to  be  paid  by  the  United 
States. 

Article  4th 

This  treaty  to  be  binding  upon  the  contracting  par- 
ties when  the  same  shall  be  ratified  by  the  United 
States. 


64  APPENDIX  B 

TREATY  WITH  THE  IOWA,  OCT.  19,  1838 

Articles  of  a  treaty  made  at  the  Great  Nemowhaw  siih- 
agency  between  John  Dougherty  Agent  of  Indian 
Affairs  on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  being  spec- 
ially authorized,  and  the  chiefs  and  headmen  of  the 
loway  tribe  of  Indians  for  themselves,  and  on  the 
part  of  their  tribe. 

Article  1st 

The  loway  tribe  of  Indians  cede  to  the  United  States, 
First.  All  right  or  interest  in  the  country  between 
the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers,  and  the  boundary 
between  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  Sioux,  described  in 
the  second  article  of  the  treaty  made  with  these  and 
other  tribes,  on  the  19th  of  August,  1825,  to  the  full 
extent  to  which  said  claim  is  recognized  in  the  third 
article  of  said  treaty,  and  all  interest  or  claim  by 
virtue  of  the  provisions  of  any  treaties  since  made  by 
the  United  States  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Second.  All  claims  or  interest  under  the  treaties  of 
August  4th  1824,  July  15th  1830,  and  September  17th 
1836,  except  so  much  of  the  last  mentioned  treaty  as 
secures  to  them  two  hundred  sections  of  land  the  erec- 
tion of  five  comfortable  houses,  to  enclose  and  break  up 
for  them  two  hundred  acres  of  ground  to  furnish  them 
with  a  ferry  boat,  one  hundred  cows  and  calves,  five 
bulls,  one  hundred  head  of  stock  hogs  a  mill  and  in- 
terpreter. 

Article  2d 

In  consideration  of  the  cession  contained  in  the  pre- 


APPENDIX  B  65 

ceding  article,  the  United  States  agree  to  the  follow- 
ing stipulations  on  their  part. 

First.  To  pay  to  the  said  loway  tribe  of  Indians  the 
sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  thousand  five  hun- 
dred ($157,500)  dollars. 

Second.  To  invest  said  sum  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  (157,500)  dollars, 
and  to  guaranty  them  an  annual  income  of  not  less 
than  five  per  cent,  thereon  during  the  existence  of  their 
tribe. 

Third.  To  set  apart  annually  such  amount  of  said 
income  as  the  chiefs  and  headmen  of  said  tribe  may 
require,  for  the  support  of  a  blacksmith  shop  agricul- 
tural assistance,  and  education  to  be  expended  under 
the  direction  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

Fourth.  To  pay  out  of  said  income  to  Jeffrey  Der- 
roin  interpreter  for  said  tribe  for  services  rendered, 
the  sum  of  fifty  dollars  annually  during  his  natural 
life  the  balance  of  said  income  shall  be  delivered,  at 
the  cost  of  the  United  States,  to  said  tribe  of  loway 
Indians  in  money  or  merchandise,  at  their  own  dis- 
cretion, at  such  time  and  place  as  the  President  may 
direct.  Provided  always  That  the  payment  shall  be 
made  each  year  in  the  month  of  October. 

Article  3d 

The  United  States  further  agree  in  addition  to  the 
above  consideration  to  cause  to  be  erected  ten  houses 
at  such  place  or  places  on  their  own  land  as  said 
loways  may  select,  of  the  following  description  (viz) 
each  house  to  be  ten  feet  high  from  bottom  sill  to  top 
plate  eighteen  by  twenty  feet  in  the  clear  the  roof  to  be 
well  sheeted  and  shingled,  the  gable  ends  to  be  weather 


66  APPENDIX  B 

boarded  a  good  floor  above  and  below,  one  door  and 
two  windows  complete,  one  chimney  of  stone  or  brick, 
and  the  whole  house  to  be  underpined. 

Article  Ith 

This  treaty  to  be  binding  upon  the  contracting 
parties  when  the  same  shall  be  ratified  by  the  United 
States. 

TREATY  WITH  THE  IOWA,  [MAY  17,]  1854 

Articles  of  agreement  and  convention  made  and  con- 
cluded at  the  city  of  Washington,  this  seventeenth 
day  of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty- 
four,  hy  George  W.  Many  penny,  commissioner  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  following- 
named  delegates  of  the  loway  tribe  of  Indians,  viz: 
Nan-chee-ning-a,  or  No  Heart;  8hoon-ty-ing-a,  or 
Little  Wolf;  Wah-moon-a-ka,  or  the  Man  who  Steals; 
and  Nar-ge-ga-rash,  or  British;  they  being  thereto 
duly  authorized  by  said  tribe. 

Article  1 

The  loway  tribe  of  Indians  hereby  cede,  relinquish, 
and  convey  to  the  United  States,  all  their  right,  title, 
and  interest  in  and  to  the  country,  with  the  exception 
hereinafter  named,  which  was  assigned  to  them  by  the 
treaty  concluded  with  their  tribe  and  the  Missouri 
band  of  Sacs  and  Foxes,  by  William  Clark,  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs,  on  the  seventeenth  of  Sep- 
tember, one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-six, 
being  the  upper  half  of  the  tract  described  in  the  sec- 
ond article  thereof,  as  ''the  small  strip  of  land  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Missouri  River,  lying  between  the 


APPENDIX  B  67 

Kickapoo  northern  boundary-line  and  the  Grand  Ne- 
mahaw  River,  and  extending  from  the  Missouri  back 
westwardly  with  the  said  Kickapoo  line  and  the  Grand 
Nemahaw,  making  four  hundred  sections;  to  be  di- 
vided between  the  said  loways  and  Missouri  band  of 
Sacs  and  Foxes ;  the  lower  half  to  the  Sacs  and  Foxes, 
the  upper  half  to  the  loways,"  but  they  except  and 
reserve  of  said  country,  so  much  thereof  as  is  em- 
braced within  and  designated  by  the  following  metes 
and  bounds,  viz :  Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Nemahaw  River  where  it  empties  into  the  Missouri; 
thence  down  the  Missouri  River  to  the  mouth  of  No- 
land's  Creek;  thence  due  south  one  mile;  thence  due 
west  to  the  south  fork  of  the  Nemahaw  River;  thence 
down  the  said  fork  with  its  meanders  to  the  Great 
Nemahaw  River,  and  thence  with  the  meanders  of  said 
river  to  the  place  of  beginning,  which  country,  it  is 
hereby  agreed,  shall  be  the  future  and  permanent 
home  of  the  loway  Indians. 

Article  2 

In  consideration  of  the  cession  made  in  the  preced- 
ing article,  the  United  States  agree  to  pay  in  the  man- 
ner hereinafter  prescribed,  to  the  loway  Indians,  all 
the  moneys  received  from  the  sales  of  the  lands  which 
are  stipulated  in  the  third  article  hereof,  to  be  sur- 
veyed and  sold  —  after  deducting  therefrom  the  costs 
of  surveying,  managing,  and  selling  the  same. 

Article  3 

The  United  States  agree  to  have  surveys  made  of  the 
country  ceded  by  the  loways  in  article  first  in  the  same 
manner  that  the  public  lands  are  surveyed,  and  as 


68  APPENDIX  B 

soon  as  it  can  conveniently  be  done ;  and  the  President, 
after  the  surveys  shall  have  been  made  and  approved, 
shall  proceed  to  offer  said  surveyed  land  for  sale,  at 
public  auction,  being  governed  therein  by  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  respecting  sales  of  public  lands ;  and 
such  of  said  lands  as  may  not  be  sold  at  public  sales, 
shall  be  subject  to  private  entry  in  the  manner  that 
private  entries  are  made  of  United  States  land;  and 
all  the  land  remaining  unsold  after  being  for  three 
years  subject  to  private  entry  at  the  minimum  Gov- 
enment  price,  may  by  act  of  Congress,  be  graduated 
and  reduced  in  price  until  the  whole  is  disposed  of, 
proper  regard  being  had,  in  making  such  reduction,  to 
the  interests  of  the  loways  and  the  speedy  settlement 
of  the  country.  Until  after  the  said  land  shall  have 
been  surveyed,  and  the  surveys  approved,  no  white 
persons  or  citizens  shall  be  permitted  to  make  thereon 
any  location  or  settlement;  and  the  provisions  of  the 
act  of  Congress,  approved  on  the  third  day  of  March, 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seven,  relating  to 
lands  ceded  to  the  United  States,  shall,  so  far  as  they 
are  applicable,  be  extended  over  the  lands  herein  ceded. 

Article  4 
It  being  understood  that  the  present  division-line 
between  the  loways  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  Mis- 
souri, as  run  by  Isaac  McCoy,  will,  when  the  surveys 
are  made,  run  diagonally  through  many  of  the  sec- 
tions, cutting  them  into  fractions;  it  is  agreed  that 
the  sections  thus  cut  by  said  line,  commencing  at  the 
junction  of  the  Wolf  with  the  Missouri  River,  shall 
be  deemed  and  taken  as  part  of  the  land  hereinbefore 
ceded  and  directed  to  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the 
loways,  until  the  quantity  thus  taken,  including  the 


APPENDIX  B  69 

before-recited  reservation,  and  all  the  full  sections 
north  of  said  line,  shall  amount  to  two  hundred  sec- 
tions of  land.  And  should  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of 
Missouri  consent  to  a  change  of  their  residence  and  be 
so  located  by  the  United  States  as  to  occupy  any  por- 
tion of  the  land  herein  ceded  and  directed  to  be  sold 
for  the  benefit  of  the  loways,  west  of  the  tract  herein 
reserved,  the  loways  hereby  agree  to  the  same,  and 
consent  to  such  an  arrangement,  upon  the  condition 
that  a  quantity  of  land  equal  to  that  which  may  be 
thus  occupied  by  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  of  as  good 
quality,  shall  be  set  apart  for  them  out  of  the  country 
now  occupied  by  the  last-named  tribe,  contiguous  to 
said  division-line,  and  sold  for  their  benefit  as  here- 
inbefore provided. 

Article  5 

As  the  receipts  from  the  sales  of  the  lands  cannot 
now  be  determined,  it  is  agreed  that  the  whole  subject 
shall  be  referred  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
who  may,  from  time  to  time,  prescribe  how  much  of 
the  proceeds  thereof  shall  be  paid  out  to  the  loway 
people,  and  the  time  and  mode  of  such  payment,  and 
also  how  much  shall  be  invested  in  safe  and  profitable 
stocks,  the  principal  of  which  to  remain  unimpaired, 
and  the  interest  to  be  applied  annually  for  the  civiliz- 
ation, education,  and  religious  culture  of  the  loways 
and  such  other  objects  of  a  beneficial  character  as 
may  be  proper  and  essential  to  their  well-being  and 
prosperity :  provided,  that  if  necessary,  Congress  may, 
from  time  to  time,  by  law,  make  such  regulations  in 
regard  to  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  said  lands, 
and  the  application  thereof  for  the  benefit  of  the 


70  APPENDIX  B 

loways,  as  may  in  the  wisdom  of  that  body  seem  just 
and  expedient. 

Article  6 

The  President  may  cause  the  country  the  loways 
have  reserved  for  their  future  home,  to  be  surveyed, 
at  their  expense,  and  in  the  same  way  as  the  public 
lands  are  surveyed,  and  assign  to  each  person  or 
family  such  portion  thereof  as  their  industry  and 
ability  to  manage  business  affairs  may,  in  his  opinion, 
render  judicious  and  proper ;  and  Congress  may  here- 
after provide  for  the  issuing  to  such  persons,  patents 
for  the  same,  with  guards  and  restrictions  for  their 
protection  in  the  possession  and  enjoyment  thereof. 

Article  7 
Appreciating  the  importance  and  the  benefit  de- 
rived from  the  mission  established  among  them  by  the 
board  of  foreign  missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
the  loways  hereby  grant  unto  the  said  board  a  tract 
of  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres  of  land,  to  be  so 
located  as  to  include  the  improvements  at  the  mission, 
and  also  a  tract  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of 
timbered  land,  to  be  selected  by  some  agent  of  the 
board  from  the  legal  subdivisions  of  the  surveyed 
land ;  and  the  President  shall  issue  a  patent  or  patents 
for  the  same,  to  such  person  or  persons  as  said  board 
may  direct.  They  further  grant  to  John  B.  Roy, 
their  interpreter,  a  tract  of  three  hundred  and  twen- 
ty acres  of  land^  to  be  selected  by  him  in  ''Wolf's 
Grove,"  for  which  the  President  shall  also  issue  a 
patent. 

Article  8 

The  debts  of  Indians  contracted  in  their  private 


APPENDIX  B  71 

dealings  as  individuals,  whether  to  traders  or  other- 
wise, shall  not  be  paid  out  of  the  general  fund. 

Article  9 

As  some  time  must  elapse  before  any  benefit  can 
be  derived  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  their 
land,  and  as  it  is  desirable  that  the  loways  should  at 
once  engage  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  in  making 
improvements  on  the  tract  hereinbefore  reserved  for 
them,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that,  of  the  fund  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  dol- 
lars, set  apart  to  be  invested  by  the  second  clause  of 
the  second  article  of  the  treaty  concluded  on  the 
nineteenth  day  of  October,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  thirty-eight,  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  shall  be  paid  to  the  Indians, 
or  expended  under  the  direction  of  the  President  for 
the  erection  of  houses,  breaking  and  fencing  lands, 
purchasing  stock,  farming  utensils,  seeds,  and  such 
other  articles  as  may  be  necessary  for  their  comfort. 
Fifty  thousand  dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
deemed  expedient,  to  be  paid  during  the  year  com- 
mencing on  the  first  of  October,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  fifty-four;  and  the  other  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  or  so  much  thereof  as  shall  be  deemed  ex- 
pedient, to  be  paid  during  the  year  commencing  on 
the  first  of  October,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
fifty-five.  The  residue  of  said  fund  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  on  hand 
after  the  payments  herein  provided  for  have  been  made 
shall  remain  as  a  trust  fund,  the  interest  upon  which, 
as  well  as  the  interest  that  may  have  accrued  on  the 
portion  drawn  out,  shall  be  applied,  under  the  di- 


72  APPENDIX  B 

rection  of  the  President,  to  educational  or  other  bene- 
ficial purposes  among  the  loways. 

Article  10 

It  is  agreed  that  all  roads  and  highways  laid  out 
by  authority  of  law  shall  have  a  right  of  way  through 
the  lands  herein  reserved,  on  the  same  terms  as  are 
provided  by  law  when  roads  and  highways  are  made 
through  the  lands  of  citizens  of  the  United  States; 
and  railroad  companies^  when  the  lines  of  their  roads 
necessarily  pass  through  the  lands  of  the  loways,  shall 
have  right  of  way  on  the  payment  of  a  just  compen- 
sation therefor  in  money. 

Article  11 

The  loways  promise  to  renew  their  efforts  to  sup- 
press the  introduction  and  use  of  ardent  spirits  in 
their  country,  to  encourage  industry,  thrift,  and  mor- 
ality, and  by  every  possible  effort  to  promote  their 
advancement  in  civilization.  They  desire  to  be  at 
peace  with  all  men,  and  they  bind  themselves  to  com- 
mit no  depredation  or  wrong  upon  either  Indians  or 
citizens ;  and  whenever  difficulties  arise  they  will  abide 
by  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  in  such  cases  made 
and  provided,  as  they  expect  to  be  protected  and  to 
have  their  rights  vindicated  by  them. 

Article  12 

The  loway  Indians  release  the  United  States  from 
all  claims  and  demands  of  every  kind  and  description 
arising  under  former  treaties,  and  agree  to  remove 
themselves  within  six  months  after  the  ratification 
of  this  instrument,  to  the  lands  herein  reserved  for 


APPENDIX  B  73 

their  homes;  in  consideration  whereof,  the  United 
States  agree  to  pay  to  said  Indians  five  thousand 
dollars  —  two  thousand  of  which  with  such  portion 
of  balances  of  former  appropriations  of  interest-fund 
as  may  not  now  be  necessary  under  specific  heads, 
may  be  expended  in  the  settlement  of  their  affairs 
preparatory  to  removal. 

Article  13 

The  object  of  this  instrument  being  to  advance  the 
interests  of  the  loway  people,  it  is  agreed,  if  it  prove 
insufficient,  from  causes  which  cannot  now  be  fore- 
seen, to  effect  these  ends,  that  the  President  may,  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  adopt 
such  policy  in  the  management  of  their  affairs,  as, 
in  his  judgment,  may  be  most  beneficial  to  them;  or 
Congress  may  hereafter  make  such  provision  by  law 
as  experience  shall  prove  to  be  necessary. 

Article  14 

This  instrument  shall  be  obligatory  on  the  con- 
tracting parties  whenever  the  same  shall  be  ratified 
by  the  President  and  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

TREATY  WITH  THE  SAUK  AND  FOXES,  ETC., 
[MAR.  6,]  1861 

Articles  of  agreement  and  convention  made  and  con- 
cluded at  the  office  of  the  Great  Nemaha  agency ^  Ne- 
braska Territory,  on  the  sixth  day  of  March,  A.  D. 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-one,  by  and 
between  Daniel  Vanderslice,  TJ.  S.  Indian  agent,  on 
the  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  following- 
named  delegates  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  Missouri, 


74  APPENDIX  B      ' 

viz :  Pe-ta-ok-a-ma,  Ne-sour-quoit,  Mo-less,  and  Se-se- 
ah-kee;  and  the  following -named  delegates  of  the 
Iowa  tribe,  viz:  No-heart,  Nag-ga-rash,  Mah-hee,  To- 
hee,  Tah-ra-kee,  Thur-o-mony,  and  White  Horse; 
they  being  duly  authorized  thereto  by  their  respec- 
tive tribes. 

*     *     * 

Article  3 

The  Iowa  tribe  of  Indians,  parties  to  this  agreement, 
hereby  cede,  relinquish,  and  convey  to  the  United 
States,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes 
of  Missouri,  for  their  permanent  home,  all  that  part 
of  their  present  reservation  lying  and  being  west  of 
Nohearts  Creek,  and  bounded  as  follows,  viz:  Begin- 
ning at  a  point  where  the  southern  line  of  the  present 
Iowa  reserve  crosses  Nohearts  Creek ;  thence  with  said 
line  to  the  south  fork  of  the  Nemaha,  (commonly 
known  as  Walnut  Creek;)  thence  downi  the  middle  of 
said  south  fork,  with  the  meanders  thereof,  to  its 
mouth,  and  to  a  point  in  the  middle  of  the  Great  Ne- 
maha River;  thence  down  the  middle  of  said  river  to 
a  point  opposite  the  mouth  of  Nohearts  Creek;  and 
thence,  in  a  southerly  direction  with  the  middle  of 
said  Nohearts  Creek,  to  the  place  of  beginning.  And 
it  is  hereby  understood  and  agreed  that,  in  full  con- 
sideration for  said  cession,  the  United  States  shall  hold 
in  trust,  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  lowas,  the  one- 
half  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  lands  de- 
scribed in  the  second  article  of  this  agreement,  and 
interest  thereon,  at  the  rate  of  five  per  centum  per 
annum,  shall  be  paid  to  the  Iowa  tribe  in  the  same 
manner  as  their  annuities  are  paid  under  the  treaty 


APPENDIX  B  75 

of  May  17,  1854.  The  reservation  herein  described 
shall  be  surveyed  and  set  apart  for  the  exclusive  use 
and  benefit  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  Missouri,  and 
the  remainder  of  the  Iowa  lands  shall  be  the  tribal 
reserve  of  said  Iowa  Indians  for  their  exclusive  use 
and  benefit 

#  *     * 

Article  5 

In  order  to  encourage  education  among  the  afore- 
said tribes  of  Indians,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  the 
United  States  shall  expend  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars  for  the  erection  of  a  suitable  school-house,  and 
dwelling-house  for  the  school  teacher,  for  the  benefit 
of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  also  the  additional  sum 
of  two  hundred  dollars  per  annum  for  school  purposes, 
so  long  as  the  President  of  the  United  States  may  deem 
advisable.  And  for  the  benefit  of  the  Iowa  tribe  of 
Indians  there  shall  be  expended,  in  like  manner,  at 
the  discretion  of  the  President,  the  sum  of  three  hun- 
dred dollars  per  annum^  for  school  purposes,  which 
two  last-mentioned  sums  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  funds 
to  be  appropriated  for  the  civilization  of  Indians. 

*  *     * 

Article  8 

It  is  hereby  understood  and  agreed  by  the  contract- 
ing parties  hereto  that  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty 
with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  Missouri  of  May  18th, 
1854,  and  the  treaty  with  the  Iowa  Indians  of  the 
17th  of  May,  1854,  which  may  not  be  inconsistent 
with  these  articles  of  convention,  shall  have  full  force 
and  effect  upon  the  contracting  parties  hereto. 


76  APPENDIX  B 

Article  10 

The  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  expend  a  sum 
not  exceeding  three  thousand  five  hundred  dollars, 
($3,500,)  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  said  lands, 
at  any  time  he  may  deem  it  advisable,  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  a  toll-bridge  across  the  Great  Nemaha 
River,  at  or  near  Roy 's  Ferry,  for  the  use  of  the  Iowa 
Indians;  and  a  like  sum  of  three  thousand  five  hun- 
dred dollars,  ($3,500,),  out  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
sales  of  said  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  toll- 
bridge  across  the  Great  Nemaha  River,  at  or  near 
Wolf  Village,  for  the  use  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of 
Missouri. 


APPENDIX  C 

IOWA  SYNONYMY 

Agones. — Boudinot,  Star  in  the  West,  125,  1816. 
Agouais. — De  Ligney  (1726)  in  Wis.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll., 
1,  22,  1854.  Agoual.— Chauvignerie  (1736)  quoted 
by  Schoolcraft,  Ind.  Tribes,  III,  557,  1853.  Agoues. 
— Hutching  (1764),  ihid.  Ah-e-o-war. — Orig.  Jour. 
Lewis  and  Clark,  VI,  91,  1905.  Aiaoua. — Perrot 
(1689),  Mem.,  196,  1864.  Aiaovais.— Ihid.,  index. 
Aiaouez. — Jefferys,  French  Dom.  in  Am.,  1,  139,  1761. 
AiAuwAY. — Orig.  Jour.  Lewis  and  Clark  (1804),  1, 
61,  1904.  AiAvvis. — Le  Sueur  quoted  by  Ramsey  in 
Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  1,  45,  1872.  Aieways. — Orig. 
Jour.  Lewis  and  Clark  (1804),  1,  45,  1904.  Aijoues. 
—Schoolcraft,  Ind.  Tribes,  III,  522,  1853.  Ainones. 
— Membre  (1680)  quoted  by  Hay  den,  Ethnog.  and 
Philol.  Mo.  Vol.,  445,  1862.  Ainoves. — Hennepin, 
New  Discov.,  132,  1698.  Aioaez. — Coues,  Lewis  and 
Clark  Exped.,  1,  19,  note,  43,  1893.  Aiouez. — Charle- 
voix (1723)  in  Margry,  Dec,  VI,  526,  1886.  Aiou- 
nouea. — Hennepin  (1680-82)  in  Margry,  Dec,  11, 
258,  1877.  AiowAis.— Pike,  Trav.,  134,  1811.  Ais- 
NOUS.— McKenny  and  Hall,  Ind.  Tribes,  III,  80,  1584. 
Ajaouez. — Jefferys,  Fr.  Dom.  Am.,  pt.  1,  map  1, 1761. 
Ajouas. — Smet,  Miss,  de  V Oregon,  108,  1848.  Ajoues, 
— Bowles,  map  Am.,  ca.  1750.  Ajouez. — Perrot, 
Mem.,   index,    1864.     Anjoues. — Buchanan,   N.   Am. 


78  APPENDIX  C 

Inds.,  155,  1824.  Aoais.— i\^  Y.  Doc.  Col  Hist.,  X, 
630,  1858.  AoNAYS.— Smet,  Letters,  38,  note,  1843 
(misprint).  Aouas. — Cabeca  de  Vaca  misquoted  by 
Schoolcraft,  Ind.  Tribes,  II,  37,  1852  (error).  Avau- 
WAis. — Lewis  and  Clark,  Trav.,  14,  1807.  Avoy. — 
Neill,  Hist.  Minn.,  200,  1858.  Avoys.— Wis.  Hist. 
Soc.  Coll.,  1,  32,  1854.  Ayahwa. — Coues,  Lewis  and 
Clark  Exped.,  1,  20,  note,  1893.  Ayauais. — Drake, 
Bk.  Inds.^  VI,  1848.  Ayauvai. — Coues,  Lewis  and 
Clark  Exped.,  1,  19,  note,  1893.  Ayauwais. — Lewis 
and  Clark,  Discov.,  17,  1806.  Ayauwas. — Lapham, 
Blossom,  and  Dousman,  Inds.  Wis.,  3,  1870.  Ayau- 
WAUS. — OHg.  Jour.  Lewis  and  Clark,  1,  91,  1904. 
Ayauway. — Ibid.,  45.  Ayavois. — La  Harpe  and  Le 
Sueur  (1699)  quoted  by  Long,  Exped.  St.  Peter's  B., 
II,  320,  1824.  Ayawai. — Coues,  Lewis  and  Clark,  1, 
19,  note,  1893.  Ay  aw  ays. — Lewis  and  Clark,  Trav., 
II,  442,  1814.  Ayeouais.— Neill,  Hist.  Minn.,  197, 
1858.  Aye8ais.— A^  Y.  Doc.  Col.  Hist.,  X,  608,  1858. 
Ayoa.— Martin,  Hist.  La.,  301,  1882.  Ayoes.— Per- 
rot  (1689)  in  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  II,  pt.  2,  24,  1864. 
Ayoes.— ditto  in  Wis.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  XVI.  14,  1902. 
Ayoois. — Bienville  (1722)  in  Margry,  Dec,  VI,  407, 
1886.  Ayoouais. — Beauharnois  and  Hocquart  (1731) 
in  Margry,  Dec,  VI,  570,  1886.  Ayooues. — Iberville 
(1702)  quoted  by  Neill,  Hist.  Minn.,  172,  1858.  Ayo- 
8om.—N.  Y.  Doc  Col.  Hist.,  IX,  1055,  1855.  Ayoua. 
— Adelung,  Mithridates,  III,  271,  1816.  Ayouas. — 
See  Chauvignerie 's  Beport  of  Census,  etc,  1736. 
Ayouahs. — Domenech,  Deserts  N.  Am.,  II,  34,  1860. 
Ayoues. — Neill,  Hist.  Minn.,  173,  1858.  Ayouez. — 
Lamothe  Cadillac  (1695)  in  Margry,  Dec,  V,  124, 
1883.     Ayouwa.^ — Pike,   Trav.,  map,    1811.     Ayou- 


APPENDIX  C  79 

WAis. — Lewis  and  Clark,  Discov.,  49,  1806.  Ayou- 
WAYS. — Ibid.,  29.  Ayovai. — Coues,  Lewis  and  Clark 
Exped.,  1,  20,  note,  1893.  A yovois.— Bienville,  (1722) 
in  Margry,  Dec,  VI,  396,  1886.  Ayowa.— Gatschet, 
Raw  MS.  vocah.,  B.  A.  E.,  27,  1878  (Kansa  name). 
Ayowas. — Maximilian,  Travels,  507,  1843.  Ayoway. 
— Lewis  and  Clark,  Exped.,  1,  487,  1817.  Ayuhba. — 
Riggs,  Dak.  Gramm.  and  Diet.,  278,  1852.  Ayuhu- 
WAHAK. — Gatschet,  Fox  MS.,  B.  A.  E.,  (Fox  name). 
Ayukba. — Williamson  in  Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  1, 
299,  1872.  Dusty-Nose.'— Schoolcraft,  l7id.  Tribes, 
III,  262,  1853.  Ho-WAH.— Ramsey  in  Ind.  Aff.  Rep., 
1849,  74,  1850,  (Mdewakanton  name).  Iawai.— 
Coues,  Lewis  and  Clark  Exped.,  1,  20,  note,  1893. 
Iawas. — La  Harpe  and  Le  Sueur  (1699)  quoted  by 
Long,  Exped.  S.  Peter's  R.,  II,  320,  1824.  Iaways. 
— Orig.  Jour.  Lewis  and  Clark,  VI,  91,  1905.  I-ho- 
WA. — Bradford's  Notes  on  the  Northwest,  1846. 
Ihoway.— ^671.  Doc.  21,  18th  Cong.,  2d  sess.,  5,  1825. 
lOEWAiG. — Tanner,  Narr.,  316,  1830  (Ottawa  name). 
Iowa.— Pike,  Trav.,  134,  1811.  Ioway.— Pike,  Ex- 
ped., 112,  1810.  Iyakhba. — Williamson  in  Minn. 
Geol.  Rep.  for  1884,  106  (Santee  Dakota  name). 
Iyakhwa. — Ibid  (Teton  name).  Iyuhba. — Riggs, 
Dak.  Gram,  and  Diet.,  278,  1852  (trans,  'sleepy  ones'). 
JowAi. — Ann  de  la  Propag.  de  la  Foi,  III,  569,  1828. 
JowAS. — Pike,  Trav.,  123,  1811.  Joways. — Scher- 
merhorn  (1812)  in  Mass  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  2nd  s.  II, 
39,  1814.  Maqude.— Dorsey,  Cegiha  MS.  Diet.,  B.  A. 
E.  1878.  (Omaha  and  Ponca  name).  Minowas.— 
Rafinesque  in  Marshall,  Hist.  Ky.,  I,  28,  1824,  (con- 
founding Iowa  with  Missouri).  Nadoessi  Mascou- 
TEiNS.— Jes.  Rel.  1676-77,  Thwaites  ed.,  LX,  203,  1900. 


80  APPENDIX  C 

Nadouessi — Maskoutens. — Perrot,  Mem.,  index,  1864. 
Nadouessioux  Des  prairies. — Ibid.,  237.  Nadoues- 
sioux  Maskoutens. — Minn.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  II,  pt.  2, 
30,  note,  1864  (Sioux  of  the  Prairies :  Algonkin  name). 
Ne  persa. — Orig.  Jour.  Lewis  and  Clark,  YI,  91,  1905, 
(i.  e.,  Nez  Perces;  given  as  traders'  nickname).  Ouias. 
—Am.  State  Papers,  Ind.  Off.,  1,  93,  1832.  Ovas.— 
Barcia,  Ensayo,  238,  1723.  Oyoa. — Du  Lac,  Voy. 
dans  les  Louisianes,  232,  1805.  Pa-ho-cha. — Hamil- 
ton in  Trans.  Neh.  State  Hist.  Soc,  1,  47,  1885,  (trans, 
'dusty  men').  Pa-ho-dje. — Maximilian,  Trav.,  507, 
1843  (trans,  'dust-noses').  Pa-ho-ja. — Long,  Exped. 
Rocky  Mts.,  1,  339,  1823  (trans,  'gray  snow').  Pa- 
h8tet. — Marquette  (1673)  in  Shea,  Discov.,  268,  map, 
1852.  Pahucae. — Hamilton  and  Irvin,  loway  Gram., 
17,  1848.  Pa-hu-cha.— Schoolcraft,  Ind.  Tribes,  III, 
262,  1853.  Pa-kuh-tha.— Morgan,  A7ic.  Soc,  156, 
1877.  Paote.— La  Salle  (1682)  in  Margry,  Dec,  11, 
215,  1877.  Paoutees. — La  Harpe,  from  Le  Sueur's 
Jour.  (1700)  in  Shea,  Early  Voy.,  93,  1861.  Paou- 
TES.— Le  Sueur  (1700)  in  Margry,  Dec,  VI,  70,  1886. 
Paoutez. — Jefferys,  Am.  Atlas,  map  5,  1776.  Pa- 
QOCTE. — Dorsey  in  Trans.  Anthrop.  Soc,  Wash.,  11, 
10,  1883.  Pa-qo-tce. — Dorsey,  Kansa  MS.  vocah.,  B. 
A.  E.,  1882  (Kansa  name).  Pa-qu-te. — Dorsey,  Kwa- 
pa.  MS.  vocab.,  B.  A.  E.,  1881,  (Quapaw  name.  Pa- 
QUXSE. — Dorsey,  Osage  MS.  vocab.,  B.  A.  E.,  1883 
(Osage  name) .  Pashohan. — Gatschet,  Pawnee  MS.,  B. 

A.  E.,  (Pawnee  name).  Passinchan. — Doc.  1720  quot- 
ed by  Bandelier  in  Arch.  Inst.  Pap.,  V,  203, 1890.  Pa- 
UHOOCiiEEs. — McKenny  and  Hall,  Ind.  Tribes,  II, 
209,  1854.     Paxodshe.— Gatschet,  Kaiu  MS.  vocab., 

B.  A.  E.,  27,  1878  (Kansa  name).     Pierced  Noses.— 


APPENDIX  C  81 

Long^  Exped.  Rocky  Mts.,  1,  339,  1823.  Wa-qotc— 
Dorsey,  Winnebago  MS.  vocah.,  B.  A.  E.,  1886  (Win- 
nebago name).  Yahowa. — Beltrami,  Pilgrimage,  II, 
151,  1828.  YowAYS.— De  I'Isle,  Map  of  La.,  in  Neill, 
Hist.  Minn.,  164,  1858.  Yuahes.— Iberville  (1700) 
in  Margry,  Dec,  IV,  440,  1880  (identical?).  Zaivo- 
vois. — Haldimand,  according  to  Catlin,  quoted  by 
Donaldson  in  Smithson.  Rep.  for  1885,  pt.  2, 145,  1886. 


APPENDIX  D 

A  list  of  the  names  of  some  of  the  more  prominent 
members  of  the  Iowa  tribe,  excluding  half-breeds. 
(Compiled    from    various    sources) 

Hbrockanie 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Big  Ear 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Big  Ear,  Thereasa 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Big  Neck     (See  Moa-Na-Hon-Ga) 
Corsair    A  papoose 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Crane 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  141-146,  vol.  I) 
El  Ladron  (the  robber) 

(See  Wa-cha-mon-ya) 
Hard  Heart 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (p.  85,  vol.  II) 
He-wa-tho-cha  (One  who  sheds  his  hair) 

Pulton,  Red  Men  of  Iowa 
Inthehone  (The  Big  Axe) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  141-146,  vol.  I) 
^' low  AY  Jim"  or  Major  Ketcher 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  157-160,  vol.  I) 
Kis-TOM-iE — a  woman 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 


84  APPENDIX  D 

KooN-ZA-YA-ME  (Female  war  Eagle  sailing) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway*  Indians 
Le  Voleur  (A  Chief) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Ma-has-kah  (White  Cloud) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  141-146,  vol.  I) 

(Occasionally  spelled  Ma-hos-kah,  see  the  treaty  of 
1824) 
Ma-has-kah  (Young) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  151-154,  vol.  I) 
Mah-hee 

Treaty  of  1861 
Mah-ne-hah-nah   (Great  Walker) 

Rhees,  Smithsonian  Institution,  (p.  57) 

Treaty  of  1824 
Mauhooskan   (The  White  Cloud) 

Maximilian  Travels,  vol.  Ill  (Clark's  reprint) 
Manch-coo-maim 

Ehees,  Smithsonian  Institution  (p.  58) 
Manhav^-gaw  (Wounding  Arrow) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  141-146,  vol.  I) 

Gue,  History  of  Iowa  (p.  66,  vol.  I) 
Maushemone  (The  Big  Flying  Cloud) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  157-160,  vol.  I) 
Mew-hu-she-kaw  (White  Cloud) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians.       Also  given  in 
Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travels  in  Europe, 
etc  ,  as  Mu-hu-shee-kaw. 
MissoRAHTARRAHAW   (The  Female  Deer  that  bounds 
over  the  Plains,  i.  e.  ,  prairie) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  141-146,  vol.  I) 
MoA-NA-HON-GA  (Great  Walker) 


APPENDIX  D  85 

Also  known  as  Winaugiisconey    (the  man  who  is 
not  afraid  to  travel)  and  Big  Neck 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  157-160,  vol.  I) 
MosTEOSE  (Holy  Rabbit,  an  old  Iowa  Chief  still  living) 
MuN-NE-o-YE    A  woman 

Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travels  in  Europe 
Nar-ge-ga-rash  ( British ) 

Treaty  of  1854 

Treaty  of  1861 
Nav^-a-tawmy 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Ne-o-mon-ne  (Walking  Rain) 

Rhees,  Smithsonian  Institution,  (p.  57) 

(Probably  the  same  Indian  referred  to  by  McKenny 
&  Hall  under  Ne-0-Mon-Ni,  q.  v. 
Ne-o-mon-ni  (The  cloud  out  of  which  the  rain  comes) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  81-82,  vol.  2) 
Neu-mon-ga   (Walking  Rain) 

Schoolcraft,  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  Ill) 
Neu-mon-ya  (Walking  Rain) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians.     Given  in  this  au- 
thor's Eight  Years'  Travels  in  Europe  and  his 
Descriptive  Catalogue  as  No-o-mun-nee  (He  who 
walks  in  the  rain) 
NiH-YU-MAH-Ni  (La  Pluie  qui  marche) 

Maximilian,  Travels  (p.  272,  vol.  I) 

No-PIO-MUN-YA 

(One  who  gives  no  attention,  also  known  as  Roman 

Nose) 
Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Notch-ee-ning-a     (No    Heart  —  also    called    White 
Cloud) 


86  APPENDIX  D 

Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travel  in  Europe, 

(vol.  I) 
Treaty  of  1861 

NOT-CHI-MI-NE 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  II,  p.  59) 
Nan-chee-ning-a 

Treaty  of  1854 
Natce-nine 

Hamilton,  B.  A.  E.,  (vol.  II,  p.  424) 
Nauche-wing-ga 

Rhees,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Na-che-ning-a 

Schoolcraft  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  Ill) 
Naucheninga 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  I,  p.  151) 
NoTOYAUKEE  (One  Rib) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  89-93,  vol.  II) 
Oke-we-me  (Female  bear  that  walks  on  the  back  of 
another) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Pah-ta-coo-chee  (The  Shooting  Cedar) 

Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travel  in  Europe, 
(voL  I) 
Pekeniga  (The  Little  Star) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  157-160,  vol.  I) 
Rainbow   (The) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  89-93,  vol.  II) 
Rant-che-wai-me  (Female  Flying  Pigeon) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  I,  pp.  147-149) 
Ruton-w^e-me  (Pigeon  on  the  wing) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Ruton-ye-we-ma  (Strutting  Pigeon) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 


APPENDIX  D  87 

Shau-hau-napo-tinia    (The    man    who    killed    three 
Sioux) 

Also  known  as  Moanahonga  (Great  Walker) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  161-162,  vol.  I) 
Se-non-ty-yah   (Blister  Feet) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Shon-ta-yi-ga   (Little  Wolf) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians.     (Spelled  Shon- 
ta-ye-ee-ga  in  Catlin's  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Trav- 
els in  Europe,  etc.) 
Shoon-ty-ing-a 

Treaty  of  1854 
Tah-ra-kee 

Treaty  of  1861 
Tah-roh-ha  (Many  Stages) 

Maximilian,  Travels.     Clark  reprint  (vol.  Ill) 
Tah-ro-hon 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  85-87,  vol.  II) 
Tah-ro-hon  (Plenty  of  Meat) 

Rhees,  Smithsonian  Institution,   (p.  56) 
Ta-pa-ta-me  (Spohia- Wisdom) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Thur-o-mony 

Treaty  of  1861 
ToHEE,  Charles 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Tohee,  David 

Bull.  30,  B.  A.  E. 
Tohee,  Emma 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
Tohee,  Maggie 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 


88  APPENDIX  D 

ToHEE,  Mary 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
TOHEE,  William 

Treaty  of  1861 
ToTANAHUCA  (The  Pelican) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  59-61,  vol.  II) 
Wa-cha-mon-ya  (He  who  kills  as  he  walks) 

Wisconsin  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.  vol.  XVIII,  p.   363. 
(There  also  termed  El  Ladron) 
Wa-cha-mon-ya  (One  who  kills  as  he  walks) 

Pulton,  Red  Men  of  Iowa 

Given  in  McKenny  &  Hall's  Indian  Tribes  as  Wat- 
che-mon-ne  (the  Orator)  and  in  Rhees,  Smithson- 
ian   Institution  —  Stanley  —  as    Wa-cha-mow-ne 
(Partisan) 
Wahumppe 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (p.  85,  vol.  II) 
Wanathurgo 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  59-61,  vol.  II) 
Wash-ka-mon-ya   (Fast  Dancer) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Wassan-nie  (The  Medicine  Club) 

Maximilian,  Travels  (vol.  Ill,  Clark  issue) 
Wa-tan-ye  (One  always  foremost) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 
Wa-ta-we-bu-ka-na  (Commanding  General) 

Catlin,  Fourteen  loway  Indians 

In  Catlin 's  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travel  in  Europe 
this  is  spelled  Wa-tah-we-buck-a-nah 
Wavs^-mo-moka  (Thief) 

Schoolcraft  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  Ill) 
Wah-moon-aka  (The  man  who  steals) 

Treaty  of  1854 


APPENDIX  D  89 

Waw-non-que-skoon-a 

Schoolcraft  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  Ill) 
Wenugana  (The  man  who  gives  his  opinion) 

McKenny  &  Hall  Indian  Tribes  (pp.  89-93,  vol.  II) 
White  Cloud,  Jefferson 

Laws  and  Treaties  (p.  396,  vol.  I) 
White  Horse 

Treaty  of  1861 
Wi-E-WA-HA  (White  Cloud  —  also  known  as  Good  Dis- 
position) 

Schoolcraft,  Indian  Tribes  (vol.  Ill) 
WiNANGUscoNEY  (see  Moa-Na-Hon-Ga) 

WO-HUM-PA 

Rhees,  Smithsonian  Institution  (p.  49) 

Probably  the  same  Indian  as  referred  to  by  McKen- 
ny &  Hall  as  Wahumppe,  q.  v. 
Wos-COM-MUN  (The  Busy  Man) 

Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travels  in  Europe 
Wy-ee-yogh  (The  man  of  Sense) 

Catlin,  Notes  of  Eight  Years'  Travels  in  Europe 
Yu-MAH-Ni  (la  pluie  qui  marche) 

Maximilian,  Travels 


INDEX 


(Names  of  Iowa  Indians  not  included  in  Index.     See  proper  appendix) 


Accault,  Michel.  I^a  Salle's  com- 
panion,   xxii,    note 

Account  of  an  Expedition  from 
Pittsburg  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, Maj.  S.  H.  Long,  leader. 
xxxiv 

Account  of  an  Expedition  to 
THE  Sources  of  the  Mississip- 
pi   AND    through    the    WESTERN 

Part  of  Louisiana,  etc..  An. 
By  Pike,  xvi,  xxiv,  xxv,  note. 
xxxiv,  42 

Algonquian  family,  Eries,  an  im- 
portant tribe  of  the.  x,  note. 
Referred   to,    34 

Alleghany    Mountains,    33,    40 

Allen,  Dr.  J.  A.  The  American 
Bisons,  Living  and  Extinct, 
1876.  39,  note.  History  of 
the  American  Bison,  1877. 
xxv,    note 

American  Antiquarian,  Dorsey's 
article    in.     xvii,    note 

American  Bisons,  Living  and  Ex- 
tinct, The.  By  Allen.  39, 
note 

American  Fur  Trade  of  the  Far 
West,  The.  By  Chittenden, 
xxiii,   note 

American  State  Papers,  Indian 
Affairs.  Ed.  by  Lowrie  and 
Clarke.     49 

Among  the  Quakers.  By  Rich- 
man,     xxi,    note 

Andre,  Father  Louis,  xxi,  xxv. 
I,   note.     10,   note.     11,   note 

Annals  of^  Iowa,  W,  W.  Hildre^^h 
writes  in,  concerning  name  of 
the  Iowa,     xviii,  note,     xix,  note 

Annals  of  Louisiana,  by  Peni- 
caut.   4,   note 

approaching    dance.    The.    xxxiii 

Arapaho    Indians,    x 

Arkansas    River,    35 

arrow.    Game    of.    xxx 

Attacapa  Indians,  x 

Ayuhba,  A  name  given  the  Iowa. 
XX,  note 


Bald   Island.     See   Prairie   Island 
ball-play  dance.   The.  xxxiii 
ball-playing,    or    racket,    xxx 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  5,  note 
"Baptiste,"     i.e.,     Winnebago     ex- 
chief,  also  known  as  "The  Half 
Breed,"  7,  8 
Bean,  Maj.  Jonathan   L.     6,  note 
bear  dance,   The.    xxxiii 
beaver  skins,  in  connection  with  Le 

Seuer's   mines,   12,   note 
Bibliography   of  the   Lewis  and 
Clark    Expedition,    by    Miner. 
5,    note 
Bibliotheque  du  Roi,  The.     In  Par- 
is.    22,    note 
Bienville,    Sueur  d'.     19,   20,    note 
Big  Platte  River,  xxiv,  note 
Big  Sioux  River,  23,  24 
Bison     americanus,   French    names 

for.     xxv,    note 
Back  Dog.     See   Grey  Iroa 
Back   Hawk  War,    39,   note 
Black  River,    17 
Black  Tomahawk,  a  Sioux  Indian, 

29,   30 
Blue    Earth    Country,    7,    post    at, 
21;    region,   3,    35;   river,   xx,   9, 
11,  note.   12,    14,    17,   18,   32 
Bodleian    Library,    The.     27,    note 
Bois  Brule  trading  route,   13,  note 
Bouquet,    Henry.      1,    note.     40 
Brewer,  L.  A.     Ed.  of  Lea's  Notes 
ON   the  Wisconson   Territory. 
2,    note 
Brie,  France,  27,  note 
British    Museum,   The.    28,    note 
Brower,  Jacob  V.     27,  note 
Bulletin    of   the    Philosophical   So- 
ciety,   Dorsey's  article  in.     xvii, 
note 
Bureau    of    American    Ethnology, 
The.     xii,  xiii,  4,  note.     5,  note. 
41,    note 
Caddoan     family,     Oroyelles    prob- 
ably of  the.     X,   note 
calumet    dance,   The.    xxxiii 
Campbell,    Henry   Colin.     His   Ac- 


92 


INDEX 


count  of  Radisson  and  Grosseil- 

lers.     27,    note 
camp    circle,    Division    among    the 

Iowa.     XXV. 
Cannon   River,   34 
Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  by  Fran- 

quelin.  xxiii,   note,  ibid,   note 
Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nou- 

VELLE    France    ET    des    Decou- 

VERTES  QUE  Y  ONT  ETE  FaITES, 
by    Delisle.    22,    note 

Carver,    Capt.   Jonathan.     32 

Catlin,  George.  His  map  of  1833. 
XX,  note.  "Catlinite,"  named  af- 
ter. XXV,  note,  xxviii,  ibid,  note. 
xxix,  xxxi,  xxxii,  note.  His 
Works,  xxxiv,   1,  note 

catlinite,  xxv,  ibid,  note 

Cass,  Gen.  Lewis,  his  ms.  census 
of  Indian  tribes.  21,  ibid,  note. 
40,   53 

Celeron,  Jean  Baptiste,  Sieur  de 
Blainville.     41,  note 

Census  of  Indian  tribes,  First  at- 
tempt toward  a.  21,  Chauvig- 
nerie's  referred  to,  ibid,  note 

Cessions  of  Land  by  the  Indians 
TO  THE  United  States,  by 
Royce.     49 

Chaienne.      See  Cheyenne  Indians. 

Champigny,  Jean  Bochart  de.  In- 
tendant.    12,    note 

Chariton  River,  38 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xa- 
vier  de.  xviii,  note.  4,  his  His- 
ToiRE  ET  Description  Generale 
DE  LA  NouvELLE  France,  ibid, 
note;  his  Journal  d'Un  Voyage 
ibid 

Chauvignerie,  Michel  Maray,  sieur 
de.  21,  note.  His  report,  41, 
ibid,    note 

Chequamegon,  Wisconsin,  13,  note. 
22,   note 

Cheyenne  Indians,  Allied  to  the 
Arapahoes,  and  other  Plains  In- 
dians, x,  note.  XX,  ibid,  note. 
(Shien-Sha-i-ena-Chainne-Shiene) 
31,    34,    35 

Cheyenne  Indians,  The.  By 
Mooney.     xx,  note 

Chippewa  Indians,  (Chippeway),  9, 
53,    54 

Chippeway  River,  28 

Chittenden,  Capt.  Hiram  Martin. 
His  American  Fur  Trade,  xxiii, 
note 

Chiwere    group.      Formed    by    the 


Oto,  Missouri  and  Iowa  tribes, 
xvii 

Choctaw  Indians,   x,  note 

Chouteau,    Auguste.   49 

Clarke,  Matthew  St.  C.  ed.  with 
Walter  Lowrie  of  The  Ameri- 
can  State  Papers.  49 

Clark,  William.  49,  50,  53,  56,  59, 
61,  66 

Clark,  W.  P.  The  Indian  Sign 
Language,  xvi,  note 

Colbert  River.  See  Mississippi  Riv- 
er 

Colonial  Mobile,  by  Hamilton. 
Cited,   20,   note 

Columbus,    Christoper,   31 

Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 
Report  of.   1,  note 

Congressional  Library,  The.  4,  12, 
ibid,   note 

Contributions  to  the  Ethnogra- 
phy and  Philology  of  the  In- 
dian Tribes  of  the  Missouri 
Valley,  by  Hayden.  xxxiv,  xxxv 

Coteau   des   Prairies,    38 

Coues,  Dr.  Elliott.  His  edition  of 
Lewis  and  Qark's  Travels,  xxiii, 
his  edition  of  The  Henry  and 
Thompson  Journals  xxiii,  note. 
Of  Pike's  Travels,  xxv,  note. 
Lewis  and    Clark   5,   note 

Council    Bluflfs,    Iowa,    xxiii,    note 

Crow  Indians,   35 

Culin,  Stewart.  Games  of  THE 
North  American  Indians, 
xxviii,  note,  xxxi,  note 

"Cut  Throats,"  or  a  "Cut  Throat," 
Name  given  the  Iowa  by  Mal- 
lery.    xvi 

"Dakota-Lexicon,"  i.e..  Dakota- 
English  Dictionary,  by  Rev.  S. 
R.  Riggs.  5,  ibid,  note;  ed.  by 
Dorsey,    ibid.    8,    10 

Dakota  or  Siouan  stock,  Iowa  in- 
cluded in  one  of  the  southwest- 
ern branches  of.  xvii,  xviii,  note. 
xxi,  xxv.  Proved  in  the  manage- 
ment of  children,  xxvii,  referred 
to;  5,  8.  9,  Indians.  14,  16,  29, 
30,   31,   32,   33.   34,   35 

Davis,  Andrew  McFarland.  Indian 
Games,    xxviii,    note.    3,   note 

Decouvertes  ET  Etablissements 
des  Francais  dans  l'Ouest  ET 
dans  le  Sud  de  l'Amerique  Sep- 
tenTrionalE,  by  Margry.  3,  note. 
4,  note.  12,  note 

Delisle,  Claude  and  Guillaume,  their 
map  of  northwestern   Louisiana, 


INDEX 


93 


i.e.,  Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la 
NouvELLE  France  et  des  Decou- 

VERTES    QUE    Y    ONT     ETE     FaiTES. 

22,   ibid,   note.     23,   note 

De  Menil,  Dr.  A.  N.,  his  Litera- 
ture OP  THE  Louisiana  Terri- 
tory. 13,  note 

Denonville,  Jacques  Rene  de  Bri- 
say.  Marquis  de.   14,  note 

Derroin,  Jeffrey.  Iowa  interpreter, 
65 

Des  Moines  River,  xxii,  xxiii,  9,  14, 
24,  37,  38,   40 

De  Soto,  Ferdinand.  23,  note 

De    Tailly — an    interpreter,    42 

d'Evaque,  M.  Left  by  Le  Seuer  in 
charge  of  Fort  I'Huillier.  19, 
21 

Dieppe,  France,  20,   note 

"Dirty  Face,"  or  "Dusty  Nose." 
i.e.,  Pa-ho-ches,  xviii,  note 

Discovery  and  Exploration  of 
THE  Mississippi  Valley,  by 
Shea.  XV 

Donaldson,  Thomas.   1,  note 

Dorsey,  J.  O.  His  articles  in 
American  Antiquarian,  1879, 
and  Bulletin  of  the  Philosophical 
Society,  1880.  xvii,  note,  xviii, 
note.  In  Journal  of  American 
Folklore,  1891,  xxvi,  note,  xxvii, 
note.  In  Bull.  30,  B.  A.  E.  6, 
note,  45 

Dougherty,  John.   64 

Drake,  Samuel  T.  1,  note 

"Drowsy  Ones,  '  an  Iowa  cogno- 
men,  8 

Dublin,  Ireland,  12,  note 

Du  Luth,  Daniel  Greysolon.  28, 
various  spellings,  of  the  name, 
ibid,  note 

Duluth,   Minnesota,  28,  note 

Duralde  manuscripts.The.  In  the 
Library  of  the  American  Phil- 
osophical Society,  xi,  note.  12, 
note 

"Dusty-Heads,"  6,  ibid,  note.  8,  10 

"Dusty  Nose"  or  "Dirty  Face,"  i.e., 
Pa-ho-ches,  From  Schoolcraft, 
xviii,    note.    6,    ibid,    note.    7 

Dutouret,  Vincent.  His  Examen 
suR  Toutes  les  Cartes  Gener- 

ALES    DES    QUATRE    parties    DE    le 

Terre,  mises  au  jour,  par  peu 
Delisle,  dupuis  1700,  jusqu'a 
EN   1725,  pour   Servir  d'Eclair- 

CISSEMEnT     SUR     LA     GEOGRAPHIS, 

1728.    23,    note 
eagle  dance.  The.   xxxiii 


Early  Voyages  up  and  Down  the 
Mississippi,  by  Shea.  3,  note. 
12,    note 

Edwards,    Ninian.    49 

Erie  Indians,  x 

Examen   sur  Toutes   les   Cartes 

GENERALES  des  QUATRE  PARTIES 
DE     LE     TERRE,      MISES     AU     JOUR, 

PAR  PEU  Delisle,  dupuis  1700, 
jusqu'a  en  1725,  POUR  Servir 
d'Eclaircissement  sur  la  Geo- 
graphis,  1728,  by  Dutouret.  23, 
note 

Extermination  op  the  American 
Bison,  The.  By  Hornaday,  39. 
note 

Falls   Dwellers,    The.   9 

Falls   of  St.   Anthony,   xix,   31,   39 

Field  Columbian  Museum,  Cata- 
log,  xxxi,   note 

First  Great  Canadian,  The.  By 
Reed.  20,  note 

Fish    Creek,    24,    37 

Fisher,  William.  Publisher  of  the 
1812  issue  of  Lewis  and  Clark's 
Travels.   5,  note 

Fletcher,  Alice  C.  Writing  in  Pub- 
lications op  the  Peabody  Mu- 
seum, xxvi,  note.  Her  paper 
Tribal  Structure,  in  The  Put- 
nam Anniversary  Volume,  xxix, 
note 

Fletcher,  J.  E.  His  paper  on  the 
Winnebago  in  Schoolcraft's  In- 
dian   Tribes,   vol.    iii,    37 

Ford,  Worthington  C.  xiii 

Forts: 

Des  Moines,  xix,  note 
Leavenworth,   38,   39,   59 
I'Huillier.    xxiv,    18,    19 
Perrot,  13,   ibid,  note,   14,   19 
Snelling,    29 

Foster,  Dr.  Thomas,  ix,  x,  xi,  xviii, 
note.  4,  note.  5,  note.  6,  note. 
34,  note.  41,  note 

"Four  Lakes,"   The.   36 

Fourteen  Ioway  Indians,  The. 
An  important  pamphlet  by  George 
Catlin.  xxviii,  note,  xxxi,  note. 
xxxii,  note,  xxxiii,  note  French 
translation    of,    ibid 

Fox  Indians,  xxiv,  xxvii,  7,  17,  21, 
41,  note.  53,  54,  55,  56,  59,  60, 
61,  62,  64,  66,  67,  68,  69,  73, 
74,    75,    76 

France,   3    note 

Franquelin,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis. 
His    map    of    1684.    xxiii,    note. 


94 


INDEX 


Carte  de  la  L,ouisiane,  the  fac- 
simile,  ibid 

French,  B.  F.  Historicai,  Collec- 
tions oE  Louisiana.  3,  note.  4, 
note.    12,    note 

Fulton,  A.  R.  The  Red  Men  of 
Iowa,  xiii,  xix,  note 

Gallatin,  Albert.  34 

Gayarre,  C.  E.  A.  History  ov 
Louisiana.    20,   note 

Goodfellow,  F.  J.  his  article  in 
South  Dakota  Historical  Col- 
lections, xxiv,  note 

Grammar  and  Dictionary  oE  the 
Dakota  Language,  by  Riggs.  5, 
note 

Grand  Nemaha  River,  i.e..  Great 
Nemaha  River.  58,  61,  67,  74,  76 

Grand  River,  38,  39,  note 

Gray_  Snow,  An  Iowa  cognomen, 
xviii,    note.    6,    note 

Great  Lakes,  53 

Great  Nemaha  Agency,  (or  sub 
agency),  40,  64,  73,  River,  xxiv, 
2,    7,    39 

Great  Nemaha  River.  See  Grand 
Nemaha    River 

Great  Platte  River.  See  Nebraska 
River 

Green    Bay,    Wisconsin,    xxi,    10 

"green  earth,"  Iberville's  copper 
mines.    3,    note 

Grey  Iron  or  Black  Dog,  a  Sioux 
Indian.    30,    34 

Groseilliers,  Medard  Chouart, 
steur  des.  27,  ibid,  note.  28, 
note 

Hamilton,  Peter.  His  Colonial 
Mobile  cited.  20,  note 

Hamilton,  Rev.  William,  xxvii, 
note.  1,  note.  7,  ibid,  note.  25, 
36,  45 

Harahey,  W.  E.  Richey  refers  to 
this  in  connection  with  Iowa. 
xix,    note 

Havana,  Cuba.  Iberville  dies  in. 
20,   note 

Hayden,  F.  V.  Contributions  to 
THE  Ethnography  and  Philolo- 
gy OE  THE  Indian  Tribes  oe  THE 
Missouri  Valley,  xxxiv,  xxxv 

Hennepin,  Father  Louis.  28,  32,  35 

Hennepin  LETTER,  La  Salle's,  xxii. 
11,  note 

Henry  and  Thompson  Journals, 
The.   Coues  ed.  xxiii,  note 

Hewitt,  J.  N.  B.  Writes  on  con- 
sanguinity in  Bull.  30  b.  a.  e. 
xxvi,  note 


Hildreth,  W.  W.  On  the  name 
"Gray   Snow."  xviii,   note 

Historical  Collections  oe  Louis- 
iana, by  French.  3,  note.  4, 
note.   12,   note 

Histoire    et   Description    Gener- 

ALE    DE   LA    NOUVELLE    FrANCE,    by 

Charlevoix.   4,   note 

History  of  Louisiana,  The.  By 
Gayarre.  20,  note 

History  op  Louisiana,  by  La 
Harpe.    12 

History  of  Minnesota,  The.  By 
Neill.  12,  note.  13,  note.  21, 
22,    note.   23 

History  of  the  American  Bison, 
by   Alle.n  xxv,  note 

History  of  the  Expedition  un- 
der THE  Command  of  Lewis  and 
Clark,  ed.  by  Elliott  Coues. 
xxiii,   5,  note 

History  of  the  Origin  of  the 
Place  Names  Connected  with 
THE  C.  &  N.  W.  R.  R.,  by  Sten- 
nett.   28,  note 

Hodge,  Frederick  Webb,  xiii,  41, 
note 

Holmes,   William   H..    xiii,   4,   note 

Hornaday,  William  T.  The  Ex- 
termination OF  the  American 
Bison.   39,   note 

Hudson  Bay  region,  English  in 
the.  20,  note.  Groseillers  in  the. 
28,  note.   36 

Iberville,  Pierre  le  Moyne,  sieur 
d'.  His  Expedition  of  1698.  3, 
note.  19,  Governor  of  Louis- 
iana, 20,  his  Memorial,  ibid; 
ibid,   note.    41 

Illinois  Confederacy,  IS,  note 

Illinois  River,  xxi,  11,  note.  15, 
20,  53 

Illinois,   State  of.   15.  note.   36,   38 

Indiana,   State  of.   28,    note 

Indian  Bureau,  at  Washington,  ix. 
40,   Report  of,    1874,  42 

Indian  Games,  by  Davis,  xxviii, 
note.    3,    note 

Indian  Land  Cessions  in  the 
United  States,  by  Royce.  49 

Indian  Record,    The.   ix,  x,  xi 

Indian  Sign  Language,  The.  By 
Qark.   xvi,    note 

Indian  Territory,  Seneca  Indians 
in.   xi,   note 

Information  Respecting  the  His- 
tory, Condition  and  Prospects 
OF  the  Indian  Tiiibes  of  the 
United  States,  by   Schoolcraft. 


INDEX 


95 


xii,  xviii,  note,  xxiii,  1,  note.  7, 
21,  ibid,  note.  24,  25,  36,  37,  41, 
note 

Ing-Kee-Ko-Kee,  or  game  of  moc- 
casin, xxix 

Iowa  Indians,  x,  xi,  xii,  xvi,  xvii, 
xviii,  note,  xix,  xx,  note,  xxi, 
xxii,  xxiii,  note,  xxiv,  xxv, 
xxvii,  ibid,  note,  xxviii,  ibid, 
note,  xxix,  xxx,  xxxi,  xxxiv,  1, 
note.  2,  3,  6,  note.  7,  ibid,  note. 

8,  9,  10,  ibid,  note.  11,  note.  13, 
14,  15,  16,  ibid,  note.  17,  22,  24, 
26,  28,  29,  30,  their  village, 
ibid,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  37,  39, 
present  reservation,  ibid,  in  1827, 
ibid,  note.  41,  note.  42,  45,  49, 
50,  51,  52,  S3,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58, 
59,  60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,  67, 
68,  69,  70,  71,  72,  73,  74,  75,  76 

Iowa   reserve,    74 

Iowa  River,  i.  e.,  "Riviere  de 
Aiounones,"  xxiii,  note.  Riviere 
des  Ai8u8e  (Iowa),  as  noted  on 
Franquelin's  map,  ibid.  30,  Iowa 
Indians  locate  on,    38 

Iowa  Synonomy.  See  page  xv  and 
Appendix  C,   page  77 

Iowa,    State   of.   xx,   note.   2,   notfi. 

9,  23,  rivers  in  lower  and  up- 
per,  39 

lowaville.  Village  in  Wapello  coun- 
ty, Iowa.  Indian  mounds  at,  xxvii 

loway  and  Sac  Mission  Press,  7, 
note 

"loway  District,"  2,   note 

loway  Club,  The.  2,  note 

lowAY  Grammar,  An.  By  Hamil- 
ton and  Irvin.   7,  note 

loway  Missionaries,  i.  e.,  Messrs. 
Hamilton    and    Irvin,    7. 

lowAY  Primer,  An.  Hamilton  and 
Irvin.    7,    note 

Iroquoian  family,  includes  the 
IJries.  X,  note 

Irvin,  Rev.  Samuel  McCleary.  1, 
note.   7,  ibid,  note.   25,  36 

Isle  Pelee,  14,  19 

Jackson,  William  H.  1,  note 

James    River,    24 

Jefferys,  Thomas.  The  Natural 
AND  Civil  History  op  the 
French  Dominions  in  North 
AND  South  America,  1760  edi- 
tion, xxii 

Jesuit  Relations,  The.  Thwaites 
edition,  xxi,  note,  xxv,  note. 
XXXV 

Johnson,  Pres.  Andrew.   12,  note 


Joliet,  L,ouis.  His  map  of  1674. 
xxii 

Joncaire,  Louis  Thomas  de.  41, 
note 

Jones,  Father  A.  ^  His  article  in 
U.  S.  Catholic  Hist.  Mag.  11, 
note 

Journal  d'un  Voyage,  by  Charle- 
voix. 4,  note 

Journal,  (i.e..  Relation)  of  Pen- 
icaut.  3,  note 

Journal,  of  Marquette,  referred 
to,    xxi 

Kansas,  Northeastern.  Iowa  reser- 
vation  in.   xxxiv 

Kansas    River,    51 

Kansas,    State  of.   2,  ibid,   note 

Kappler,  Charles  J.  ed.  Indian  Af- 
fairs. Laws  and  Treaties.  2  vols., 
1903.   2,   note.   49 

Kaskaskia  Indians,    15,  note 

Kaskaskia  Mission,  Illinois,  15, 
note 

Kickapoo  northern  boundary  line. 
The.    61,   67 

Kiowa  Indians,  xvi,  xviii,  note. 
xix,  note 

kon-tho-gra,  or  game  of  platter. 
xxix 

lya  Barre,  Pierre  L,e  Fevre  de,  14, 
ibid,  note 

Lac-qui-Parle,  35 

ha.  Harpe,  Benard  de.  3,  ibid,  note. 
12,   IS,  ibid,  note.   22,   note.  32 

I^akes: 

Koshkonong,    36 

of  the  Wooids,  (Rainy  Lake),  36 
Pepin,    13,   ibid,  note.   34 
Superior,   36 

Lakes.     See  Great  Lakes 

Lance,  Cross  and  Canoe,  The, 
by    Milburn.    22,   note 

La  Salle,  Robert  Cavelier,  sieur 
de.  xxii,  11,  note 

Laut,  Miss  Agnes  C.  Her  Path- 
finders OP  the  West.  27,  note 

Laws  and  Treaties,  2  vols.,  ed. 
by    Kappler.    2,    note.    49 

Lea,  Lieut.  Albert  Miller.  Notes 
ON  the  Wisconsin  Territory. 
2,    note 

Le  Claire,  Antoine.  Half-breed  In- 
terpreter, on  the  word  Iowa. 
xviii,    note 

Le  Clercq,  Father  Christion.  First 
Establishment  of  the  Faith 
IN    New    France,    xxi,    note 

Le  Moyne,  Charles.  Father  of 
Iberville.  20,  note 


96 


INDEX 


I,e    Page   du    Pratz,    his   name   for 

the  buffalo,   xxv,   note 
L,esdiguieres,    Duchess   de.   4,   note 
he     Sueur,     Pierre     C.     xx,     xxii, 
xxiv,  ibid,  note.   1,  note.  3,  ibid, 
note.    His    Narrative,    ibid.    10, 
11,  note.  12,  ibid,  note.  13,  ibid, 
note.   14,    15,   16,   17,   18,   19,   20, 
ibid,   note.   21,  22,  ibid,  note.  32 
lyC    Sueur    River,    11,    note 
Letters    and    Notes    op    Eight 
Years'  Travels,  etc.  By  George 
Catlin.    xxviii,    note 
I^ewis  and   Clark,   Travels,    Coues 
ed.,    xxiii,    Thwaites    edition    of 
the     Original     Journals,     ibid. 
Travels,    xxxiv,    1,    note.    Fisn- 
er's  edition  of  1812;  4,  ibid,  note. 
ed.   by   Coues.    5,    note.    Biblio- 
graphy   OE,     by    Miner,        ibid. 
Thwaites   ed.   ibid.   42 
rHuillier,  French  Farmer-General. 

xxiv,  note 
Literary    Collector,    The.    S,    note 

IvITERATURE       OF      THE       I^OUISIANA 

Territory,  by  De  Menil.    13 

Little  Nemaha  River,  58 

Uttle  Platte  River,   38,   39,  note 

Little    Sioux    River,    23 

IvOgansport,    Indiana,    28,    note 

London,    England,    4,    note 

Long,  Maj.  Stephen  Harriman.  His 
Account  op  An  Expedition 
PROM  Pittsburg  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,   xxxiv 

Louisiana,  Southwestern.  Attacapa 
Indians   in.  x,    note 

Louisiana,   State  of.   3,  note 

Lowrie,  Walter,  ed.  with  Matthew 
St.  C.  Clarke,  of  The  American 
State   Papers.   49 

Macalester  College,  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota.    12,    note 

Mackinac,   41,  note 

Madeline  Island,  Minnesota,  13, 
note 

Madison,  Wisconsin,  36 

INIallery,  Garrick.  His  Sign  Lan- 
guage Among  the  North  Amer- 
ican Indians,  xvi,  note 

Mandan   Indians,   33,  35 

Mankato,    Minnesota,    Reached    oy 

Le  Sueur  in  1700.  xxiv,  note 
Manypenny,    George    W.    66 
Marest,    Gabriel.    15,    sketch,    ibid. 

note.    16 
Margry,    Pierre.    DecouverTes    et 
Etablissements     des     Francais 
dans   l'Ouest   et   dans   le    Sud 


de  l'Amerique  Septentrionale. 
3,  note.  4,  note.    12,  note 
Marquette,    Jacques,   xv,    his   man- 
uscript  map,  xxi,    11,   note.    His 
Journal,  xxi 
marriage  customs,  Iowa  varies  but 
little  from  other  kindred  tribes, 
xxvii 
Mars,  Thunder  compared  to.  30 
Massachusetts    Historical     Society, 

xiii 
Maximilian,      Alexander      Philipp, 
Prins  von  Wied-Neuwied.  Trav- 
els,   xvi,    xxiii    note,    xxxiv,    6, 
note.  39,  note.   56,  note 
McCoy,  Isaac.  68 
McGee,  W  J  His  article  in  B.  A.  E. 

1897.  xvii,  note.   6,   note 
Membre,     Father     Zenobius.     xxi, 

ibid,    note.    11,    note 
Memorial,  The.   By  Iberville.   20, 

41,  ibid,  note 
Memoire   sur   les   moeurs,    cous- 
TUME    ET    Religion    des    Sauv- 
AGEs     DE    l'Amerique     Septen- 
trionale, by  Perrot.   14,  note 
Memoirs  op  Explorations  op  the 
Basin  of  the  Mississippi   Val- 
ley,   Vol.   VII.      W.    E.    Richey 
writes    in    concerning    the    word 
Iowa,   xix,   note,  xx,  note,  xxiii, 
note.    Vol.    vi,    account    of    the 
Radisson-Groseillers  controversy, 
27,    note 
Memoirs  of  the  American  Anthro- 
pological   Association,    Mooney's 
article    on    the    Cheyenne    there- 
in. XX,   note 
Menaige,  an  ex-Interpreter,   8 
Mendota,  Minnesota,  30,  34 
Menominee    Indians,    53 
Michigan,     Lake.     Winnebago     In- 
dians on  shores  of.  xviii 
Michigan  Territory,   54 
Milburn,  William  Henry,  author  of 
The  Lance,   Cross  and  Canos, 
1892.  22,  note 
Mille   Lac,   Minnesota,    27,   29 
Milwaukee  River,  xxi,  11,  note 
Miner,    W.    H.    Bibliography    ok 
THE   Lewis  and   Clark   Expedi- 
tion, 5,  note 
Minetare  (i.e.,  Hidatsa)  Indians,  35 
Ministere  des  Colonies.  Bureau  oi, 

at  Paris.  11,  note 
Minnesota   Historical    Society   Col- 
lections, 1850-56.  xii,  xx,  6,  note. 
12,  note.   28,  ibid,  note.    31,    41, 
note,  1864.  xv,  11,  note.  12,  note 


INDEX 


97 


Minnesota  Historical  Society,  21 

Minnesota  River,  xix,  12,  28,  29, 
30,  31,  33,  35 

Minnesota,  State  of.  xx,  7iote.  3,  7, 
9,  13,  ibid.  note.  27,  28,  ibid, 
note.   30,   31,    32 

Minnesota  Valley,  32,  34,  35 

Missionary  Labors  of  Fathers 
Marquette,  Menard  and  Allou- 
Ez,  etc.   By  V^erwyst.   13,  note 

Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception of  the  Holy  Virgin  in 
Illinois,    15 

Mississippi  River,  Winnebago  In- 
dians reach  the.  xviii,  xix,  xxi 
(Colbert),  xxii,  1,  2,  note.  (Col- 
bert) 11,  note.  13,  ibid,  note. 
14,  15,  18,  20,  23,  25,  26,  27,  28, 

32,  33,  34,  36,  37,  38,  51,  53,  54, 

56,  64 

Mississippi  Valley,  Iberville's  Me- 
morial ON.  20.  Indian  tribes  in, 
21,  country  of   the,   41,   note 

Missouri  Indians,  xvii.  42,  56,  57, 
59 

Missouri  River,  xx,  ibid,  note,  xxii, 
xxiii,  ibid,  note,  xxiv,  1,  2,  7,  8, 
9,  11,  note.  19,  20,  23,  24,  25,  30, 

33,  35,  37,  38,  39,  51,  53.  54,  56, 

57,  58,  59,  60,  61,  64,  66,  67,  68 
Missour,     State    of.     Iowa    Indian 

lands  in,  xxxiv,  Indian  tribes  in, 
37,  Iowa  Indians  on  Chariton 
River  in,  38,  51,  59,  60,  68,  73 

Missouri  Valley,  Indian  tribes  in, 
21 

Mobile,   Alabama,   19,   21 

Montcalm,  Gozon  de  St.  Veran, 
lyouis  Joseph,  Gen.  Marquis  de. 
42 

Mooney,  James,  xiii,  xvi,  his  The 
Cheyenne  Indians,  xx,  note 

Morgan,   Col.  Willoughby.  56 

Morse,    Rev.    Jedidiah    D.    1,    note 

murder.  Punishment  of.  xxvii 

Narrative  and  Critical  History 
OP  America,  by  Winsor.  3,  note. 
20,   note 

Natchez   Indians,    21 

Natural  and  Civil  History  op 
THE  French  Dominions  in 
North  and  South  America, 
The.  By  Jeflferys.  xxii 

Nebraska  Historical  Society  Col- 
lections,   1885.   xvi.    7,    note 

Nebraska  River,  (Great  Platte).  38 

Nebraska,   State  of.  xxiv,  2,  24 

Nebraska   Territory,    73 


"Necklace  People,"  name  given  the 
Iowa  by  the   Kiowa,   xvii 

Neill,  Rev.  E.  D.  12,  sketch,  ibid, 
note.  Reference  to  his  History. 
xii,  13,  note.  14,  21,  22,  note,  23 

Nemaha  River,  67,  known  as  Wal- 
nut Creek,  74 

Nez  Perce,  colloquial  name  for  the 
Iowa,  42,  ibid,  note 

Nicollett,  J.  N.  His  map  of  1841. 
XX,  note,  xxiii,  note.    11,  note 

Nohearts    Creek,    74 

Noland's   Creek,   67 

Notes  on  the  Wisconsin  Terri- 
tory, by  Lea.   2,  note 

Oak  Grove,  Minnesota,  Indian 
mounds  at.  29,  33,  an  Iowa  vil- 
lage,  30,  34 

O'Callaghan,  Edmund  Bailey.  41, 
note 

Ohio  River,  33,  41,  note 

Ojibwa  Indians,   (Saulteurs),  9,  36 

Oklahoma,  State  of.  Oto  Indians 
of.  xxxi,  Iowa  Indians  in,  xxxiv, 
2,  note 

Omaha  Indians,  Once  part  of  the 
Winnebago  Nation,  xvii,  xviii, 
note.  XX,  xxii,  xxiii,  xxv, 
xxvii,  XXX,  11,  note.  19,  20,  23, 
32,  35,  56,  57,   58,  59 

Original  Journals  op  the  Lewis 
and  Ci,ARK  Expedition,  ed.  by 
Thwaites.  xxiii,  note.  5,  note. 
42,  note 

Oroyelles,    (Indians),  x 

Osage  Indians,  16,  35 

Oto  Indians,  xvii,  xxi,  xxii,  xxiii, 
XXX,  xxxi,  11,  note.  17,  24,  32, 
35,   42,   55,  56,  57,  58,   59 

Ottawa    fur   trade,    14,   note 

Ottawa  Indians,  53 

Pa-ho-ches.  i.  e.,  "Dusty  Nose,"  or 
"Dirty  Face,"  xviii,  note.  6,  ibid, 
note.   7,  8,   10,    16,  23,  24 

Pahoja  or  Gray  Snow  name  given 
the    Iowa,    xviii 

Pahoutet,  Marquette's  name  for  the 
Iowa,   xxi 

Paris,   France,   41,  note 

Parkman  Club  Papers,  article  by 
Stickney  in.  14,  note.  H.  C. 
Campbell's  article  in.  27,  note 

Pathfinders  of  the  West,  by 
Laut.  27,  note 

Pawnee  Indians,   11,   note 

Peabody  Museum,  Publications. 
Article  by  Fletcher  in.  xxvi,  note 

Penicaut,  [Penicaud,  Pennecaud, 
Perricaut,     Perricaultl     3,     ibid, 


98 


INDEX 


note;  his  Journal,  ibid;  his  An- 
nals o?  lyOuisiANA,  ibid.  4,  note. 
11,  note.  12,  15,  nofg,  21 
Perrot,  Nicolas.  His  description  of 
Indian  ball-playing,  xxxi,  note; 
locates  the  Iowa.  11,  note.  14, 
sketch,  14,  note 
Pierce,    Taylor,   xix,   note 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery.  Trav- 
els, xvi,  statement  concerning 
the  Iowa,  xxiv,  xxv,  7tote.  Trav- 
els, xxxiv,  report  referred  to,  42 

Pilcher,  Joshua.  63 

Pilling,  J.  C.  SiouAN  Bibliogra- 
phy.  5,   note.   7,  note 

Pilot  Knob,  Minnesota,  30 

Platte   River,  xxiii,   note,  xxiv,  35 

Point  lye  Sable,  Green  Bay,  Wis- 
consin,  13 

Ponca  Indians,  Once  part  of  the 
Winnebago  Nation,  xvii,  xxx 

Pond,  Rev.   G.   H.  28,  29 

Porret,  M.  Artist,  Illustrates  The 
Fourteen  Ioway  Indians,  xxvii', 
note 

Portage  des  Sioux,  Missouri, 
Treaty  of  1815  held  at.   49 

Potawatomi  and  Great  Nemaha 
Agency,   2,    note 

Potawatomi  Indians,   17,  53 

Powell,  John  Wesley.  Writes  on 
consanguinty  in  17th  Rep.  B.  A. 
E.   Part  I.  xxvi,   note 

Prairie  du  Chien,  Wisconsin,  54, 
56,    59,    60 

Prairie  or  Bald  Island,   14 

Prairieville,    Minnesota,    34 

Presbyterian  Church,  Missionaries 
of,  among  the   Iowa.   70 

Prince  Society,  The.  28,  note 

Putnam  Anniversary  Volume, 
The.   xxix,    note 

Py-ho-ja.  i.e.,  "Grey  Snow,"  xviii, 
note 

Quebec,    11,   note 

Quinn,   Peter,   30 

racket,  or  ball-playing,  Game  of. 
xxx 

Radisson,  Pierre  E^sprit.  27,  ibid, 
note 

Rainy  I,ake.  See  Lake  of  the 
Woods 

Red  Men  of  Iowa,  The.  By  Ful- 
ton, xiii 

Red  Pipe  Stone  Quarry,  Minneso- 
ta, 38 

Redwood  River,  as  designated  by 
Tyong.  xxii,  note 

Red  River  of  the  North,  35 


Red  Wing,  Minnesota,  13,  note 
Reed,  Dr.  Charles  B.     Author  of 

The  First  Great  Canadian.  20, 

note 
Report  of  the   Commissioner  of 

Indian   Affairs,    1849.    41,  note 
Report    of    the    Indian    Bureau, 

1874.     42 
Richey,  W>  E.  xix,  note 
Richman,  I.  B.  Among  the  Quak- 
ers,  xxi,    note  ~ 
Riggs,  Mrs.  S.  R.  5,  note 
Riggs,    Rev.    S.    R.   Dakota   Gram- 
mar   and    Dictionary,    xv,    xx, 

note.  5,  note.  His  article  on  Da- 
kota language,   6,   note 
Riviere  aux  lyiards,  xxiii,  note 
Rivers: 

Arkansas,    35 

Big  Platte,  xxiv,  note 

Big  Sioux,  23,  24 

Black,    17 

Blue  Earth,  xx,  9,  11,  note.  12 
14,   17,    18,    32 

Cannon,    34 

Chariton,    38 

Chippeway,    28 

Colbert   (see  Mississippi) 

Des  Moines,  xxii,  xxiii,  9,  14,  24, 
37,   38,  40 

Grand,  38,  39,  note 

Grand  Nemaha,  58,  61,  67,  74,  76 

Great  Nemaha,  58,  61,  67,  74,  76 

Great  Platte,  38 

Illinois,  xxi,  11,  note,   15,  20,  53 

Iowa,  xxiii,  note,   30,   38 

James,  24 

Kansas,  51 

1/6  Sueur,   11,  note 

lyittle  Nemaha,   58 

Little  Platte,  38,  39,  note 

Little  Sioux,  23 

Milwaukee,   xxi,    11,    note 

Mississippi,  xviii,  xix,  xxii,  1,  2, 
note.  11,  note.  13,  ibid,  note. 
14,  15,  18,  20,  23,  25,  26,  27, 
28,  32,  33,  34,  36,  37,  38,  51, 
53,  54,  56,  64 

Missouri,  xx,  ibid,  note,  xxii, 
xxiii,  ibid,  note,  xxiv.  1,  2,  /, 
8,  9,  11,  note.  19,  20,  23,  24, 
25,  30,  33,  35,  37,  38,  39.  51, 
53,  54,  56,  57,  58,  59,  60,  61, 
64,  66,  67,  68 

Nebraska,   38 

Nemaha,    67,    74 

Nohearts,    [creek]    74 

Nolands,   [creek]    67 

Ohio,  33,  41,  note 


INDEX 


99 


Platte,  xxiii,  note,  xxiv,  35 

Red,   of  the   North,   35 

Redwood,  xxii,  note 

Rock,  xix,  28,  36,  37 

St.   Croix,  14 

St.  Laurence,  27,   note,  28,  note 

St.   Peter's,  xxiii,  note 

St.  Remi,  11,  note 

Salt,   38 

Walnut,   [creek]   74 

Wisconsin,  xxi,  11,  note.  16,  17, 
23     28 

Wolf,  xxiv,  39,  68 
Robidoux's  Post,  xxiii,  note 
Rock  River,  xix,  28,  36,  37 
Rocky  Mountains,  33 
Royal  Marine  Office,  at  Paris.  40 
Royce,  C.  C.  His  Cessions  op  Land 

BY  Indian  Tribes  to  the  United 

States.  49,  his  Indian  Land  Ce*;- 

siONS  IN  THE  United  States,  ibid 
Roy,  John  B.  Iowa  interpreter.  70 
Roy's  Ferry,  76 

Sac  Indians.     See  Sauk  Indians 
St.    Anthony's   Falls.    See    Falls   of 

St.    Anthony 
St.  Croix  River.   14,  trading  route, 

13,  note 
St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  formerly  Rob- 
idoux's Post,  xxiii,  note 
St.    Lawrence  River,   27,  note.   28, 

note 
St.    Louis   County,    Minnesota,    28, 

note 
St.    Louis,   Missouri,  xxiv,   50,    52, 

57,  63 
St.  Malo,  France,  27,  note 
St.    Paul,    Minnesota.    12,    note 
St.    Peter's    River,    i.e.,    Minisoute 

Ouadeba  or   St.   Peter's  river  of 

Jeffreys.    1762.  xxiii,  note 
St.   Remi  River,    11,   ncte 
Salt   River,    38 
Santee    Sioux,   ball-playing  among. 

XXX,   referred  to,  28 
Sauk   and   Fox   Reservation,    xxxi, 

note.  2,  note 
Sank    Indians,     xvii,     xxiv,     xxvii, 

(Sac)     7,    note.     17,     (Sac)     41, 

note.   42,    (Sac)    53,    54,    55.    56, 

57,  59,  60,  61,  62,  64,  66,  67,  68, 

69,  73,   74,  75,   76 
Saulteurs.     See  Ojibwa  Indians 
Sauvolle,  Sieur  d'.   19,  20,  note 
Schoolcraft,     H.     R.     His     Indian 

Tribes  op  the  United   States, 

referred  to.  xii,  ■xv\n,note,  xxiii, 

1,  note.  7,  21,  ibid,  note.  24,  25, 

36.  37,  41,  note 


Secretary  of  War,  Report,  for  1829. 

I,  note 

Seneca  Indians,  In  Indian  terri- 
tory, descendants  of  the  Erics, 
xi,   note 

Sha-i-ena.    See    Cheyenne    Indians 

Shakopee,    Minnesota,    33 

"shaved  heads,"  General  term  by 
which  the  Oto,  Missouri,  Sauk 
and   Iowa  were   designated,   xvii 

Shea,  John  Dawson  Gilmary.  Dis- 
covery and  Exploration  of  the 
Mississippi    Valley,    xv 

Shea,  John  Dawson  Gilmary.  Ear- 
ly Voyages  up  and  Down  the 
Mississippi.  3,  note.  4,  note. 
12,   note 

Shiene.    See   Cheyenne   Indians 

Shien.    See    Cheyenne    Indians 

Siouan  Bibliography,  by  Pilling. 
5,    note.   7,   note 

Siouan  family,  the  Iowa  as  an  im- 
portant  branch   of.   xiii 

Siouan  stock,  Iowa  social  insti- 
tutions similar  to  other  tribes 
of.    xxvii 

Sioux    Indians,    xix,    xxi,     9,     10, 

II,  note,  14,  15,  16,  ibid,  note. 
17,  18,  19,  27,  28,  note.  31,  32, 
34,  35,  36,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57, 
58,    59,    64 

Smith,  John  Q.  Commissioner  of 
Indian   Affairs,    ix 

Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Knowledge,    1852.    5,    note 

Smithsonian  Institution,  xiii,  4, 
note.   5,   note 

songs  of  the  Iowa,  xxxiv 

South  Dakota  Historical  Col- 
lections, Vol.  2.  xxiv,  note.  5, 
note 

Spirit   Lake,  Iowa,  23 

Stennett,  W.  H.  His  History  o? 
THE  Origin  op  the  Place 
Names  Connected  with  the  C. 
&   N.   W.   R.   R.   28,   note 

Stickney,   Gardner   P.    14,    note 

Sullivan,  Col.  — .  52 

Suite,   Benjamin.  27,  note 

Tailhan,  R.  P.  J.  editor  of  Per- 
rot's    Memoirs.    14,    note 

Takoha,    Siouan   War   Prophet.    29 

Tama,  Iowa,  Sauk  and  Fox  Reser- 
vation at,  xxxi,  note 

Tamaroa  Indians,    (Tamorois)    17 

Texas,  southern  and  southeaster.!. 
Attacapa  Indians  in.  x,  note 

Thomas,  Cyrus.  His  Report  on 
Mound     Explorations,     xxviii. 


100 


INDEX 


note.  His  article  in  Bull.  30  B. 

A.   E.    16,  note 
Three    Rivers,    Canada.    27,    note 
Thwaites,    Reuben   Gold.    41,    note. 

42 
Ticonderoga,  New  York,  42 
Travels      in     the     Interior     of 

North  America,  by  Maximilian. 

xvi,   xxiii,    note,   xxxiv,    6,    note. 

39,  note.    56,    note 

tumuli,    Iowa   not   largely   associat- 
ed with,  xxvii 
Vanderslice,    Daniel,    73 
Vaughan,   Albert  J.    Indian   agent. 

40,  ibid,   note 

Verwyst,     Rev.     Chrysostom.     His 
Missionary  Labors  of   Fathers 
Marquette,     Menard    and    Al- 
louez,   etc.    13,   note 
Vies    de    Plusieurs    Person nages 
CelebrES,  by  Walckenar.  23,  note 
Wahkantape,   a    Sioux    Chief,    18 
Walckenaer,    C.    A.    His    Vies    dS 
Plusieurs     Personnages     Cele- 
BRES,   23,    note 
Walnut  Creek,  74 
Wapello    County,    Iowa,   xxvii 
war   dance.   The.   xxxii 
Washington,    D.    C,    63,   66 
Waw-non-que-skoona-a,     xix,     map 
by,  xxiii,   9,   note.   24,  36,   refer- 
red to,  37 


welcome  dance.  The.  xxxii 
Williamson,    Rev.    T.    S.    His    arti- 
cle in  Collections  of  the  Min- 
nesota Historical  Society,  Vol. 
I.  XX,  note.  28,  31 
Wilson,  Rev.  G.  H.  28,  note 
Winchell,  N.  H.  His  excellent  map. 

XX,  note,  xxiii,  note 
Winnebago  Agency,  in  Minnesota. 

Winnebago  Indians,  x,  xvii,  xviii, 
8,  9,  10,  17,  27,  29,  32,  35,  36, 
their  territory  37,  42,  53 

Winsor,  Justin.  Narrative  and 
Critical  History  of  America. 
3,  note.  20,  note 

Wisconsin  Historical  Society 
Collections,  Vol.  i,  13,  note. 
Vol.  XI,  28,  note.  Vol.  xvi,  xxii, 
xxiv,  note.  13,  note.  20,  note. 
Vol.   xvii,   41,   note 

Wisconsin  River,  xxi,  11,  note.  16, 
17,    23,   28 

Wisconsin  State  Hist.  Soc.  Pro- 
ceedings, 1895.  28,  note 

Wisconsin,  State  of.   11,  note 

Wolf  Creek,  i.e..  Wolf  River,  q.v. 

Wolf  River,  xxiv,   39,   68 

Wolf  Village,  76 

Wolf's  Grove,  70 


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